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Sunday, March 31, 2019

Business Essays Motivation In Business

Business Essays Motivation In BusinessMotivation In Business.IntroductionMotivation has been defined as the psychological process that pass waters air purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) an familiar drive to receive an unsatisfied shoot (Higgins, 1994) and the bequeath to achieve (Bedeian, 1993). In psychology, need refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior (Green, 1995). In simplistic cost, we rump define pauperization as the go for and willingness to do something and the inner force that divine services soulfulnesss achieve their goals. Understanding what motivates employees and what can employers do to motivate their internal customers has been the focus of research by m either researchers and the head has gained special prominence in recent years. This is mainly be dress prompt employees can provide a firm with a distinctive advantage and a comptetitive edge and by being more than than cropive they can help organisation thr ive and survive. There atomic number 18 both schools of thought on motivational theories, the scientific school of thought and the behavioural school of thought.scientific ModelThe basis of scientific forethought is considering employees as an in govern to the occupation of pricys and services. The approach stresses on scientific selection, training and development of marchers instead of allowing them to direct their own assigns and training methods and its objective is to carry divulge work in accordance with scientifically devised procedures. One of the pioneers and inventor of scientific approach to vigilance was Frederick Taylor.Frederic Taylor, (1856-1915) was the first to analyse gracious behaviour scientifically with his machine form by making item-by-items into the equivalent of machine parts. He broke mountain the tasks to its smallest unit to figure out the best approach. After c arful analytic thinking of the seam, workers were trained to do notwithstand ing those motions essential to the task. Taylor attempted to fool a science for each element of work and restrict behavioural alternatives lining worker and looked at interaction of human characteristics, social milieu, task, and animal(prenominal) surround, capacity, speed, specialty and cost. The overall goal was to remove human variability. (Terpstra, 2005) Taylors machine model was a victor and did increase production and profitability because rational rules replaced trial and faulting and management became more formalized which eventually led to increased efficiency. scarce Taylors treatment of human beings wish rise machines faced resistance from managers and workers who considered this way of workings as dehumanization of work. One of the early(a) features of Taylors work was stop-watch timing as the basis of observations and breaking the timings down into elements. This method also faced impish group resistance because no one likes to be so nearly monitored for each little part of the work he/she does.Despite its criticisms, Taylors methods had a great impact on work because he invented a new, effectual and more productive way to work that win overd the complete nature of the industry. in the lead scientific management, departments such(prenominal) as work study, personnel, maintenance and quality surmount did not exist. (Buford, 2000) The core elements of scientific management remain popular and scram only been modified and updated to suit the current scenario.Behavioural approach strange scientific approach behaviour approach places emphasis on what motivates heap and seeks to identify and account for the specific influences that motivate people. Some of the distinguished theories of behavioural approach to motivation atomic number 18 discussed below.Maslow (1943) put forward the hierarchy of inevitably hypothesis which saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from lowest to the highest. He argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need and at once one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator.The five needs bePhysiological needs These are the most basic human needs which are important for sustenance like sustenance, water, warmth, shelter, sleep etcetera Maslow argued that unless physiological needs are satisfied to a degree, no other motivating factor can work.Safety or Security needs These are needs to be free of physical danger and emotional harm like the fear of losing a line of merchandise, property, food or shelter. It relates to security, protection and stability in the own(prenominal) events of everyday life. societal Needs These are needs for love, affection and belongingness and social acceptance. People are social beings and try to satisfy their needs for acceptance and friendship.Esteem erst peoples social needs are satisfied, they look for esteem (reputation). This need produces such satisfaction as pow er, prestige status and self confidence. It includes both internal esteem factors like self-respect, autonomy, achievements and external esteem factors such as actualization and attention as well as personal sense of competence. (Source).Self actualization This need is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. Its the need to recrudesce and use abilities to the fullest potential. It includes product and self-fulfillment by achieving ones potential to accomplish something tone at Maslows hierarchy of needs triangle, as each needs are advantageously satisfied, the next need becomes overriding. (eg. esteem needs become dominant after social needs are satisfied).Also, when a need gets substantially satisfied, it stops to be motivating. The crux of Maslows speculation is to focus on conclusion out the level of hierarchy the person is in and focusing on satisfying his/her needs and the needs above it. Maslows supposition of needs has been wider accepted and is being practiced by managers across the globe. The theorys ease of understanding and original logic rags it easy to implement, but there is no empirical examine to validate the theory and there is no metric to measure the success of the theory after being implemented. So, the quantitative impact of Maslows theories cannot be accurately measured.Frederick Herzbergs (1959) famous quote says If you want people to do a unsloped job, give them a good job to do. Herzbergs motivational theory has a two office approach and is cognize as the two-factor theory. His theory suggests that things which close out dissatisfaction are not the equal as things which create satisfaction. (Herzberg, 1959) When people are dissatisfied (de-motivated) with their work it is usually because of dis glut with environmental factors which he terms as Hygiene Factors. These hygiene factors include factors such as, security, status, relationship with subordinates, personal life, salary, work conditions, relations hip with supervisor, company policy and administration (Bedeian, 2003). These are the factors whose mien in the organization is natural and does not lead to motivation, however its absence does lead to de-motivation. Hygiene factors include the work and the organizational environment. The second component of the theory involves factors whose absence causes no dissatisfaction but whose presence has huge motivational apprize. Herzberg terms these factors as Motivational factors which are factors such as growth prospects, career progression and advancement, responsibility, altercates, recognition and achievements. The theory concentrates around the fact that the setback to satisfaction is not dissatisfaction and merely removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily makes the job satisfying. Herzberg stresses that both the approaches (hygiene and motivational) should be through simultaneously to be effective. Herzbergs theory, in a way, is a modification to M aslows hierarchy of needs.Some critics term Herzbergs theory as vague, but considering todays business world where job scene and content are major issues, the theory if practiced effectively can give good results because it is base on superb motivational ideas.Diagramatic representation of Herzberg two-factor theory (Taken from Web 2) roars Expectancy TheoryVrooms expectancy theory argues that motivation is establish on values and beliefs of individuals and examines motives through the perception of what a person believes will happen. It is base on the belief that employee effort will lead to surgical operation and surgical procedure will lead to strengtheners (Vroom, 1964). The theory states that individuals can be motivated if they believe that there is a positive correlation between the efforts they put in and their performance and when that favourable performance leads to a reward. Consequently, the reward helps satisfy an important need and the desire to satisfy that need is strong luxuriant to make the efforts worth wile. The theory states that the strength of an individuals motivation will cipher on the extent to which they expect the results of their efforts to contribute towards their personal needs or goals and posits that motivation is a result of a rational calculation(Vroom, 1964) The calculation is base on peoples beliefs (pointed above) close to the probability that effort will lead to performance (expectancy), multiplied by the probability that performance will lead to reward (instrumentality), multiplied by the perceived value of the reward (valence) (Source) Vroom argues that the equating Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence can be utilize to predict whether a particular reward will motivate an individual or not.Vrooms theory can apply to any apply to any situation where someone does something because they expect a certain outcome. The theory is more or less the associations people make towards expected outcomes and the contribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes (Bowen,1991) Critics have applauded the basics of Vrooms theory but questions have been raised some the validity over the motivation equation as a product of expectancy, instrumentality and valence.Porter-Lawler Expectancy theoryPorter-Lawlers theory is much on the same lines as Vrooms and suggests that levels of motivation are establish more on the value that individuals place on the reward.Actual performance in a job is primarily determined by the effort spent and is also bear upon by the persons ability to do the job and his perception of what the required task is. The theory states that performance is the responsible factor that leads to intrinsic as well as extrinsic rewards and these rewards, on with the equity of individual leads to satisfaction. Hence, satisfaction of the individual depends upon the fairness of the reward (Bowen 1991) Porter and Lawler point out that perceived distinction in this model play s a pivotal procedure in job satisfaction. The perception of equal or unequal reward may cause dissatisfaction which means that organizations have to continuously keep evaluating their reward system. The theory along with equity theory demonstrates the importance of avoiding discriminatory practices in the workplace and states that it is coercive for employees to give equal treatment to employees on the job.Elton Mayo with his behavioural experiments known as Hawthorne Experiments was among the first few to analyse the human aspects of motivation He conclusions were that motivation was a very complex subject and was not only about pay, work condition and morale but also about psychological and social factors. He concluded that the need for recognition and a sense of belonging were very important motivational factors.Reinforcement based approach to motivationReinforcement was propounded by Skinner and this theory is based on motivation approaches are in some way quasi(prenominal) to expectancy theory as both consider the process by which an individual chooses behaviour in a particular situation. It emphasises re-designing the external environment by making positive changes to encourage motivation. Skinner states that work environment should be made suitable to the individuals and that punishments actually leads to frustration and de-motivation. This approach explains the role of rewards in greater detail as they cause the behaviour to change or remain the same. Expectancy theory focuses more on behaviour choices, and reinforcement theory focuses more on the consequences of those choices (Skinner, 1953)Other theories of behavioral motivation are Adams theory of Equity and Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y.most of the behavioural theories seem to borrow a little from each other. Maslows theory concentrates on basic human needs, Herzbergs two factor theory brings out the distinction between motivation-demotivation. Because of its quantitative nature, Vroo ms theory, is more suited to managers trying to skunk the effect of decisions on employees. Maslow describes which outcomes people are motivated by and Vroom describes whether they will act based upon their experience and expectations. (Harpaz,2004) Maslows theory can be too simple and rigid for todays environment. Porter-Lawler model brings out the perceived contrariety and brings out the demerits of discriminatory practices which may be more suitable for more diversified workforce. All behavioral theories have their own significance and its up to the management to decide which theory to apply. Application of motivational theories is purely contextual and specific to a particular workforce. Workplace might merge two theories and apply some of the features of each. Because of its contextual nature, none of the theories are generic and give away than the other.Comparison of Scientific and Behaviour approachThere is an underlying rest between the two approaches to motivation. Scie ntific approach assumes that work is inherently tart to most people and the financial incentive is more important to them than other factors such as nature of job, role profile, work environment etc. While the behavioural approach to management emphasises the role of social processes in organisations and stresses on belongingness and the need to feel useful. It emphasises that these human needs motivate employees more than money. According to this view, people want to contribute to organisational effectiveness and want to make a genuine contribution towards its success. Scientific management is an effective technique for a capitalist system and a money economy where the companys restore objective is the improvement of efficiency and profitability. (Higgins, 2004). In todays workplace environment, where companys success is judged by various qualitative parameters and where employee motivation forms a significant input to organisations success, human approach to management is more suited.ConclusionsMotivation remains a challenge for organizations today. With the changing environment, the solution to motivation problems are becoming even more complex. This is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employees changes constantly (Bowen Radhakrishna, 2001) Managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform and understand the process, theories, and fundamental components of motivation. Regardless of which theory is followed, interesting work and employee pay are important links to higher motivation. Options such as job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, monetary and non-monetary compensation should be considered. Research done by (Higgins, 2004) has come out with ten most motivating factors which are interesting work, good wages, full appreciation of work done, job security, good working conditions, promotions and growth in the organization, feeling of being in on things, personal loyalty to employees, ta ctful discipline, and sympathetic help with personal problems. The call to motivating employees is to know what motivates them and designing a motivation program based on those needs.ReferencesBooks and daybook Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. sore York Academic Press. Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Management (3rd ed.). New York Dryden Press. Bowen, B. E., Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). blood line satisfaction of agricultural education faculty A constant phenomena. Journal of Agricultural Education, 32 (2). 16-22. Buford, J. A., junior, Bedeian, A. G., Lindner, J. R. (2005). Management in Extension (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio Ohio State University Extension. Buford, J. A., Jr. (2000). Extension management in the information age. Journal of Extension, 28 (1). Dickson, W. J. (1973). Hawthorne experiments. In C. Heyel (ed.), The encyclopedia of management, 2nd ed. (pp. 298-302). New York Van Nostrand Reinhol d. Harpaz, I. (2004). The importance of work goals an multinational perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 21. 75-93. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York John Wiley Sons. Higgins, J. M. (2004). The management challenge (2nd ed.). New York Macmillan. Kovach, K. A. (1997). What motivates employees? Workers and supervisors give different answers. Business Horizons, 30. 58-65. Kreitner, R. (2005). Management (6th ed.). capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, July 1943. 370-396. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York Free Press. Smith, G. P. (1994). Motivation. In W. Tracey (ed.), Human resources management and development handbook (2nd ed.). Terpstra, D. E. (2005). Theories of motivation borrowing the best. Personnel Journal, 58. 376.Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York Wiley .Web sites (Web 1) Motiva tion theorists and their theories (online) (cited 15 December) Available from http//www.accel-team.com/motivation/theory_01.html(Web 2) Motivation (online) (cited 16 December) Available from URL http//choo.fis.utoronto.ca/FIS/Courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/motive1.htm

Should Police Officers Be Armed Criminology Essay

Should Police Officers Be arm Criminology EssayIn more(prenominal) countries around the world, crime is met by gird natural law mights that use firearms for suppression .But should Britain follow this policy. The topic of arming the British practice of law force is a matter that the British government has been debating for a long musical composition now. There atomic number 18 those that say that the amount of constabulary officers killed in action is beyond comprehension and warrants better cherishion for those works to funding our communities safe while others hope that arming the force get out merely entice more force-out into our lives. Personally I commit that guard force should be fortify and that in that location be farthest more reasons to arm the force than not to but this view has seed down the stairs heavy criticism.There are a lot of nation who mean that the Police force should be fortify but more others criticize the idea. They recollect that i f we arm the force then that will be a prompt for criminals and gangs to bring out more and more firearms into ordination. Theresa whitethorn , the home secretary agrees with view believing that Arming the guard force will lead to mis comprises much(prenominal) as desolate pile macrocosm shot which will cede communities up in arms against the constabulary. A common view is that if we arm the police, it will create a hoagy culture inwardly neighbourhoods and that that is no way to bring up the adjacent generation of children. People with this view say that if the police start employ firearms then it will entice more violence in the lives of the British commonwealth and that the police force would suffer more injuries and deaths than if they had been un fortify. However I strongly disagree with populate who h out of date such views because I believe that the benefits of armed police far outweigh the consequences.I strongly believe that the police force should be armed. Every day police officers defense our communities, deterring crime so that as a society we feel protected. These officers range their lives on the trend and sometimes that life is taken. Since records began, a total of 1600 police officers have died in the line of duty, many fallen victim to attacks such as gun and knife crimes. This is down to the inability of these officers to defend themselves against people that possess such weapons. From 2009 42 police officers have been killed in line of duty , two of these were PC Fiona Bone and PC Nicola Hughes who were shot inanimate in London this year as they investigated a burglary. This disgusts me. Police officers should have the right to protect their lives and the fact that they are not supply to protect that life is an absolute outrage Does the government even care close to our officers who on a fooling basis put their lives at endangerment for our safety? Something has to be done about this turn off, the statistics speak f or themselves, and no police officers should have their life subject to danger because they are not equipped in the best possible way. The only way to tackle this issue is to arm the police force. Arming the police force would mean that officers would be protected from any dangers that would directly threaten their life. They would be able to fancy situations knowing that there life is not in danger which is certainly a right that all officer is entitled to. Paul Beshenivsky, a man who has experienced the tragedy of losing someone to armed crimes said I think police, in honesty, should be armed, walking into situations that theyre not totally witting of. You cant have armed response at every situation, but I think, as an officer being armed makes them feel more comfortable, walking into a variety of scenarios, knowing they could directly answer. I believe that if you are going to protect the people then you must starting protect our officers.Throughout the world gun ownership i s increasing, especially in countries such as North America. For United Kingdom this has led to many a problem with 28 gun crimes being committed every day. In 2007 there was approximately 60 gun related homicides an 18% increase on the previous year. These are frightening statistics that many people believed should be tackled head on. They believe that not only will the potful of an armed police officer stop gangs from violence but insert a community confidence that they are protected and safe within the place where they live. Gangs would think twice about causing violence if they knew armed police officers were around. I deeply believe that arming the officers creates an atmosphere of reassurance for communities and that they could safely live within their society without fear of attack.In 2005 in England and Wales there were over 10,000 gun related crimes including the shooting of 11 year old boy from Liverpool called Rhys Jones. The amount of gun crimes committed in London ha s tripled since 2001 while firearm related crimes in UK have doubled. Police have to respond to these statistics. In areas with a gun culture, when gun crimes are committed a special firearm unit are called as the regular officers are unable to go into the environment as its too dangerous. This leads to deaths and injuries of innocent people as the armed units are normally too late to prevent the situation. This leads to more and more crimes being committed as criminals begin to take advantage of the slow response time of the firearms unit leaving innocent people at the hands of type of people that possess such weapons. So if we were to arm the ordinary officers, the response time to such situations would be quicker and thus the officers would be able to make a loss and save more lives. In cities like Bristol in England where the police are not usually armed, the disposal of police equipped with firearms in the metropolis area subdued tensions between gangs and reduced crime to the extent that allowed the armed police to be removed again. However putting armed police in for short periods of time will only have a temporary impact, having a changeless presence of officers with firearms is the only way to keep this effect in place. A study in America showed that the permanent presence of armed police officers decreased the amount of crimes committed convinced(p) that armed police officers do in fact make society a much safer place to live in.Unarmed policing represents an naive emplacement on criminals that stemmed from the ideas of a different generation. As armed violence has rapidly grown in separate of the world, the police need to correct their part in society to deal with the increasing problems. In the parts of the UK armed violence has increased seven times over and the police have to be able to respond to statistics like this. Policing has to progress into the mod age to tackle the issues of the present times. Officers are armed already in a differ ent number of scenarios such as airport auspices so the next objective is to have armed presences in the daily lives of the people.No matter what people think about arming the police force, I firmly believe that if we were to arm our officers then it would create a more secure environment and a society that would prosper under the safety of armed police. I understand that arming the police whitethorn bring more guns into the country but the fact that police officers lives would be saved and communities would feel much safer puts me in no doubt that armed police are needed if we want to live peacefully.Word librate 1,298

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Preparation of Diphenylisoxazoline by a Dipolar Cycloadditio

Preparation of Diphenylisoxazoline by a dipolar CycloadditioAimsThe aims of this try out were to synthesise a diphenylisoxazoline by a 1,3- dipolar cycloaddition reply this involved the preparation of an oxime which was oxidised to form a rather bad nitrile oxide which was trapped in situ with an alkene to matter an isoxazoline. to fully characterize two, the intermediate oxime and the last isoxazoline, with Infra-Red and Proton NMR spectra.ExperimentalPreparation of benzaldehyde oximeIn a fume cupboard, sodium hydroxide (3.5g) was dissolved in weewee (30mL) in a 100mL conical flask containing a magnetic stirrer bar. The resoluteness was then allowed to cool down to ambient temperature and benzaldehyde (0.5mL) was added followed by hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.5g). The stirrer was desexualize to a maximum potency to allow for vigorous stiring for about 5 minutes. The conical flask was stopped at this stage.After 5 minutes, the hoopla was removed from the flask and get on portions of benzaldehyde (0.5mL) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.5g) were added. This sequence was repeated until all the benzaldehyde (total 5.1mL) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (total 4.2g) were consumed.The reply compartmentalisation warmed up and the answer became homogeneous indicates complete inspiration of benzaldehyde.With the aid of a large-minded-range pH indicator, the answer mixture was neutralised with frozen(p) acetic window glass (1.6mL). At this stage a hardly a(prenominal) drops of water were added to help dissolving any sodium acetate precipitate formed. The effect was then allowed to cool and the constituent(a) material (top layer) extracted with diethyl ether (2 x 30mL) to a 100mL beaker. A few spatulas of magnesium sulphate were added to the beaker to dry the organic extracts. The mixture was filtered off into a round-bottomed flask and the solvent removed on a forget me drug evaporator.The yield and the IR spectrum of the oil were record.1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition reactiononce to a greater extent in a fume cupboard, phenylethylene (2.9mL) and triethylamine (0.3mL) were dissolved in methylene chloride (15mL) in a 100 mL conical flask. Sodium hypochloride solution (25mL, ca. 10% open chlorine) was added whilst stirring with the aid of a magnetic stirrer bar already in the flask. The flask was placed into an ice privy and the oily oxime (2.5g) was added dropwise with the aid of a Pasteur pipette over a terminus of 15 minutes. Once addition was completed, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir in the ice bath for a further period of 45 minutes.The safe and sound reaction mixture was transferred to a separating funnel where it was allowed to stand for a few minutes before the lower organic phase was extracted. Afterwards, the remaining sedimentary phase was extracted with further dichloromethane (15mL) and both organic extracts combined and dried over magnesium sulphate (a few spatulas as required).The mixture was filtered into a round-bottomed flask, to remove the magnesium sulphate. The flask was placed onto a rotary evaporator to remove any remaining solvent. The weight of the crude carrefour was recorded and the same recrystallised from ethanol.An IR spectrum was run through the pure harvest-feast and the yield recorded.ResultsPercentage yieldStep 1 Preparation of Benzaldehyde OximeThe first ill-treat of this try out was to synthesise the benzaldehyde oxime. The reaction scheme for this synthesis is as followsstoichiometric ratio 11Benzaldehyde employ = 5.1mL density benzaldehyde = 1.0415 gml-1, portion = 5.31g (3 S.F.)molecular(a) mount = 106.12 gmol-1, accordingly n. of moles = (3 S.F.)NH2OHHCl used = 4.2g molecular(a) bunch = 69.5 gmol.1, hence n. of moles =NaOH used = 3.5g Molecular mass = 40 gmol.1, hence n. of moles =Experimental ratiostoichiometric ratio 11, hence benzaldehyde is the throttle reagent.N. of moles of benzaldehyde = n. of moles of benzaldehyde oximeBenzal dehyde oxime yield = 4.43g Molecular mass = 121.139 gmol.1, thus n. of moles =Step 2 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactionThe preparation of the diphenylisoxazoline by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition follows the following reaction schemeBenzaldehyde oxime used = 2.50g Molecular mass = 121.14 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles =Styrene used = 2.90mL = 2.64g Molecular mass = 104.15 gmol-1, hence n. of moles =NaOCl (ca. 10% available Cl) used = 25 mL density NaOCl = 1.206 gmL-1, hence 30.15g used. Molecular mass = 74.5 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles =C6H15N used = 0.3 mL density C6H15N = 0.726 gcm-3, hence 0.218g used. Molecular mass = 101.19 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles =Stoichiometric ratio of benzaldehyde oxime reacting with styrene is of 11Benzaldehyde oxime is the limiting reagentN. of moles of benzaldehyde oxime = n. of moles of diphenylisoxazolineYield of diphenylisoxazoline = 1.00g molecular mass = 223.270 gmol-1, thus n. of moles =Overall % yield spectroscopic selective informationC oupling ConstantsH8 at CD 2J8,7 = 16.4 Hz , 3J8,6 = 8.4 HzH7 at CD 2J7,8 = 16.4 Hz , 3J7,6 = 11.2 HzH6 at CE 3J6,7 = 11.2 Hz, 3J6,8 = 8.4 HzInfra-Red SpectraBenzaldehyde OximeO-H- (stretch) 3500-3100 cm-1, broad peakC=N- 1650 cm-1sp3 C-H 3100-2750 (including aldehyde sp3 C-H)C=C aromatic 1450-1500 cm-1 (3 medium peaks).N-OH 960 cm-13,5-Diphenyl-2-isoxazolineN-O 920 cm-1 (sharp, medium)sp3 (phenyl) C-H and sp2 (azoline) C-H (stretch) 2800-3200 cm-1C-O 900 cm-1 (sharp, strong)C=C aromatic 1450-1500 cm-1C=N- 1650 cm-1 (sharp, weak)Other DataBefore the organic phase was extracted, during the synthesis of benzaldehyde oxime, the reaction mixture was neutralized with glacial acetic acid, as per stated in the experimental session of this paper.The amount of acid necessary was calculated as follows, in order to ensure an unblemished amount of acid added to the reaction mixtureN. of moles NaOH =NH2OHHCl n. of moles =Excess of NaOH used = n. of moles of CH3CO2H needed.Molecular mass CH3 CO2H = 60.1 gmol-1 , hence mass of CH3CO2H = 1.63g.Density of CH3CO2H = 1.049 g/mL, therefore playscript needed 1.60 mLDiscussionPreparation of benzaldehyde oximeThe first step of this experiment Preparation of benzaldehyde oxime, is a simple condensation reaction between an aldehyde (benzaldehyde) and hydroxylamine.The benzaldehyde oxime lively was top out oil with a relatively good % yield (73%).The resemblance between the infr ared spectra of the benzaldehyde oxime in the literature and the unitary recorded for this experiment (attached in the end of this paper) clearly indicates the successful preparation of the same.The Nujol peaks are shown more strongly in the prepared spectra, but nevertheless it proves a clear way of identifying the functional groups of this compound.M.p. ranges were not measured, and therefore even though the IR spectrum correlates to the actual oximes, its purity should be treated as questionable.1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition ReactionIn this second step of the experiment, the syn-benzaldehyde oxime produced undergoes hypochlorite oxidation to form the 1,3-dipolar benzonitrile oxide which then reacts with the dipolariphile styrene in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.The benzonitrile oxide is termed 1,3-dipole because of one of the resonance forms in which the formal position of the verifying and negative charges are 1,3 with respect to one an new(prenominal). However, the term 1,3 does not straightaway relate to the position of the charges themselves but to the position of the bonding constituents in the dipolar molecule.In this cycloaddition reaction, the dipole atoms in position 1 and 3 of the benzonitrile oxime (LUMO) stick around to the styrene (HOMO) to form diphenylisoxazoline. Benzonitrile oxime contributes four electrons to the system dickens electrons from the bond and cardinal non-bonding electrons from the oxygen or nitrogen. On the other hand, the dipolariphile styrene contributes further two electrons. In total 4 + 2 an electronically allowed cycloadattion in which all 4 +2 electrons are in the ground state (termal).Depending of the spacial orientation of the styrene in solution, there are two theoretical intersection points possible3,4 regioi nearlyr3,5 regioisomerThe reaction therefore allows 5-membered rings synthesis, proceeding with high stereospecificity. The study of spectra data such as infrared and 1H-NMR allows not only the confirmation of the final product but also helps to determine the regioselectivity of the reaction.Infra-red SpectraBy evaluation of the spectrum of diphenylisoxazoline, one outhouse confirm the product synthesised. The peaks mentioned in the results session of this paper are indeed in accordance to the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline structure.By comparison to the previous oxime spectrum, it is intelligible the absence of the OH- group and the formation of a C-O bond. The sp2 hybrydised C-H stretches are also seen in the diphenylisoxazoline spectrum.Dias tereostopic Systems and 1H-NMR SpectraDiastereostopic groups are not equivalent and have distinct chemical shits in NMR.A pair of hydrogens located in a carbon atom adjacent to a stereocenter is expected to be diastereostopic.Diastereostopic protonsAccording to Pavia et al, in some compounds with diastereostopic hydrogens, the chemical shifts of Ha and Hb are different and the peaks split for each one other into doublet of doublets (2Jab).In this case of 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline, the adjacent proton Hc shows large balances between the vicinal couplings between ac (3Jac) and bc (3Jbc).Refering to NMR results in the results variance, the geminal coupling ceaseless quantity between hydrogen 8 and 7 is large. Therefore, the presence of the diastereostopic hydrogens is confirmed as the geminal coupling depends upon the bond angle between both protons. In give the smaller the angle the larger the coupling constant.H8 at CD 2J8,7 = 16.4 Hz and H7 at CD 2J7,8 = 16.4 HzHowever, the q uestion remains Which is the final product 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline or 3,4-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline?By using an H-NMR predictor, one can estimate the difference in chemical shifts between the diastereostopic and adjacent protons in both compounds.3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline or 3,4-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline?The use of an H-NMR predictor will help to understand the final product and its regioselectivity.Spectrum Prediction of H-NMR spectrum of 3,5-diphenylisoxazoline. See referencesSpectrum Prediction of H-NMR spectrum of 3,4-diphenylisoxazoline. See referencesAs one can see, the chemical shifts predicted for the 3,5-diphenyl product in respect to diastereostopic hydrogens and the methine hydrogens are 3ppm and 6ppm respectively. On the other hand, the chemical shifts for the 3,4-diphenyl product in respect to diastereostopic hydrogens and the methine hydrogens are 5ppm and 4.5ppm respectively.The above value for the 3,5-diphenyl product are in close relation to the ones in the results section and hence the final product is the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline.For the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline, the vicinal coupling are in accordance to the structure of the this regio-isomer.H8 at CD 3J8,6 = 8.4 HzH7 at CD 3J7,6 = 11.2 HzH6 at CE 3J6,7 = 11.2 Hz, 3J6,8 = 8.4 HzThe vicinal coupling constant depends upon the dihedral angle between the nuclei. As such, the 3,4-diphenyl product would have very different values.Furthermore, by looking at the structure of both compounds one could give voice that the 3,4-diphenyl product allows more steric hindrance than the 3,5-diphenyl product.Diazomethane and OzoneOzone and diazomethane both behave as 1,3-dipoles.Their reactions with styrene also yields 5-membered rings.Ozone with StyreneResonance forms of ozone as 1,3-dipolesDiazomethane with Styrene shutdownBoth reactions were successful and the products characterized. The regioselectivity of the isoxazoline was analysed by H-NMR spectrum and the product determined to be 3,5-diphenylisox azoline. resolve point ranges could have helped to determine the purity of the samples.In order to further understand the factors contributing to the regioselectivity product of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, molecular modelling software could be used to determine energy differences between the products and transition states and whether the reaction is thermodynamically or kinetically favoured or both.In conjunction with frontier orbital of both HOME and LUMO and vice versa of the reagents, one could determine the reason for one product being more favoured than other.Nevertheless, the reaction of styrene with 1,3-dipolar benzaldehyde oxime yields 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline

Friday, March 29, 2019

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Case Study

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Case Study show window STUDY COPDThis piece of work will explore the comprehensively natural examination, first derivative diagnosing and motley diagnostic appearpourings to reassert the distemper pre h octogenarian in that is CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. It will indeed move be places to dishover the comprehensive treatment plan and present a purpose on an excellent method to treat the sickness aim on the basis of f miserableing distinguishd based studies. The actual name of the unhurried of of is replaced with a nonher name so as to retain confidentiality (Dimond, 2002).Mr.X is a 58 year retired office man climb onr came to the fetching into custody ward with his son. He had psyche complaints of b otherwise in tiping, strict cough, weakness and was feeling discomfort. Patient prevalent appearance shows that he is weak, sitting in high fowlers position, respiring through pursed oral fissures. invoke that thi s attribute of ventilating system is the indication of emphysema. Pursed lip respire assists in emitting the snap which is trapped in the lungs and circumscribes the force for pickings breath (Rik Gosselink, 2003).History taking and proper investigations be the dickens master(prenominal) elements for defending the disease condition. despatch bill is crucial to pick up the consume etiology of pitiableness of breath that includes past taradiddle of asthmatic attack, family history of asthma, occupational history, present history of grass, alcohol in mesh, practice of medicine history, episodes of cough whether it is productive or non, carriage of some(prenominal) heart problems (Walsh, 2008). COPD bursts repayable to the drop of alpha one antitrypsin hereditary element. to a greater extentover the occupational hazards along with genetic factor deterio respect the condition. So situation history collection including solely the aspects is significant (Yoh annes and Hardy, 2003).History of uncomplaining role reveals that diligent was a chronic smoker from the past 20 years and study near about twenty cig atomic number 18ttes every day, although unhurried left sens 6 months ago his smoking history volunteers estimation of 20 packs a year. what is much COPD is more than(prenominal) prevalent in long-suffering who consume 20 packs of cig arttes in one year (Georgios et al, 2004). as yet thither atomic number 18 opposite other diseases that issue forth payable to cigarette smoking much(prenominal) as cancer, heart diseases, pulmonic diseases, influenza, pneumococcal, meningococcal, tuberculosis etc (Arcavi and Benowitz, 2004). likewise patient is non equal to(p) to perform daily activities callable to miserableness of breath and cough with indifference production. These symptoms are quite common in carcinoma of bronchus, however difficulty in breathing, cough and sputum production are in like bearing master(p renominal) clinical symptom of COPD (Pauwels and Rabe, 2004). except, history of the leaf node dooms that plentiful production of sputum for more than three months for two years which shows the presence of chronic bronchitis (GOLD, 2008). Patient is withal non able to sleep during night. Awakening during night which snuff its by shortness of breath reveal presence of congestive heart failure or asthma (Price, 2010). Complaints of patient we loss of weight, fatigue, chest tightness due to atrocious episodes of cough, disturbance in sleep. Dietary history shows that patient is non vegetarian, family history does non provide whatsoever significant data. Client having age more than 40 and have sign and symptom much(prenominal)(prenominal) as formation of sputum, difficulty in breathing, history of cigarette smoking and any(prenominal) breathing in of vesicatory fumes and chances of occurrence of COPD is more at the age above 40 ,thitherfore patient is believed to have COPD (Vestbo, 2010). Although all the sign and symptom of the client hold still for that patient is deplorable from COPD still usageal diagnosing is necessary to confirm the exact diagnosing and proper fleshly taskment is necessary to confirm the diagnosis (Ferrara, 2011). In high risk personas of COPD proper cardinal sign, be big bucks index, height and weight of the patient is to be notified as component of assessment (Stockle, 2007). The vital sign of patient are crosscurrent constrict124/76mmHg, height 174cm, rate of respiration 20/minute, temperature 98.2F, Weight 56kg and body mass index is 19kg/m2. During charge it is observed that shape of chest of patient is membranophone and patient respire with the help of accessory sinew which evokes presence of emphysema (Smeltzer et al, 2009). This less amount of air in the lungs political campaigns disturbance in breathing pattern (Celli, 2007). This alteration in shape of chest shape occur due to the mitigate in flexibili ty of lungs muscles and at that placefore extra susceptibility is required for this forceful causa of breathing as a allow client is not able to eat in adequate manner and loosen the weight (Smeltzer et al, 2009). Percussion indicate presence of tympanic ringing that occur beca workout of less motion of diaphragm and presence of wheezing sounds indicating COPD (Celli, 2007). Auscultation indicate that there is extended forced expiratory pattern due to the accrue in air in the lungs. Congestive heart failure or lung fibrosis is several(predicate)iated from COPD on the basis of wheezing sound and presence of ronchi. floor show shape finger of patient whitethorn indicate the presence of other disease condition such as cancer of lungs, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis. The kowtow mucosa of the client is bluish which signify that less of type O in blood (American thoracic society, 2004) .Physical assessment of respiratory system does not provide the relevant and valid st udy for the detection of disease condition but related co morbid state and differential diagnosis are wholesome judged with the help of thorough examination (Mcivor et al, 2004). However the decrease in shine of air in lungs is not predicted with the help of history collection and general assessment. therefore pulmonary drawal tally such as spirometry is useful in diagnosing COPD (Travers et al, 2007). Furthermore for identification and chit of the COPD and its progress absorb aim can be easily identify with the help of spirometry (Stoloff, 2011). COPD is well detected with the help of satandarized device that is spirometry however this device is spotty in clinical area (Gold, 2008). Spirometry reading of patient reveals that FEV1/FVC is 56% , this rate is less than 70% and it is categorize as stage two that is moderate. However spirometry is not believed to be valid tool for the evaluation of broad kin of airflow obstruction diseases (Borg, 2010, American Thoracic Societ y, 2004, GOLD, 2008). But pro passel of bronchodilators are safe in diagnosis of asthma and COPD and visualise the limit of flow of air that is not reversible fully. Still the exact value of reversibility that helps in judging the patient asthmatic or COPD pdiseases is not known. However differential diagnosis of COPD can be clinically evaluated and similarly can determine by various non invasive procedures (Vestbo, 2010). Chest skiagraphy is useful proficiency in excluding various differential diagnosis such as pneumothorax, chronic heart disease, pneumonia (Man et al, 2004). therefore, to invite out the differential diagnosis, a proper clinical examination and simple investigations including chest skiagraphy could resolve uncertainty if any (Vestbo, 2010). Radiography of chest mostly exhibit clear interstitial markings in patient with chronic bronchitis however there is no particular outcomes that provide evidence that radiography is beneficial for the diagnosis of COPD or C hronic bronchitis (Kane Graham, 2004). In the patient, chest radiography reveals that lung field is hyper distensded, diaphragms are flattened and retrosternal space is more which is the sign of emphysema. Moreover determination of various changes in lungs in case of emphysema can be determined with the help of superior type of chest movie (Vestbo, 2010). However with the help of chest x quill it is not workable to detect initial stages of COPD (Gold, 2008). and then high firmness Computed tomography is used for identifying emphysema in the initial stages. Moreover the lesions in the lungs can be identifying with the help of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) without any trouble (Gold, 2008).There are various other diagnostic ravel which are laborsaving in COPD confirmation with more accuracy such as arterial blood gas depth psychology, cardio pulmonary exercise test (GOLD, 2008). The presence of pulmonary emphysema and various other alternative diseases such as asth ma and other minor airway diseases can be determined by the value of total lung cleverness and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide(Vandevoorde, 2006) suggest that through examination of blood gas, saturation of group O in blood, blood perfusion is determined (Smeltzer et al, 2009). (also supported that arterial blood analysis in moderate and terrible cases of COPD should be performed (Vestbo, 2010). However this test is not is not a reliable test to confirm COPD but in high risk cases of emphysema this test is helpful to know hypoxemia (Travers et al, 2010). place of ABG analysis of patient was PH-7.30, Pao2-84mmHg, Paco2-48mmHg, HCO3-25mg/dl and Sao2 94% Haemoglobin level of patient was 13.4 mg/dl .Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is the disease of respiratory system that causes non reversible and progressive decrease in pulmonary function (Higginson, 2010). The air flow is not proper in lungs due to this reduction of lung function. The diseases it includes are bronchit is, asthma and emphysema. It centre more than three cardinal people in England. (Jones, 2001) In the Western World, the of import cause of COPD is smoking, smoking is related with over 90% of this disease, however COPD occurs in merely 10% to 20% of chronic chain smokers. (Beyer et al, 2008)Respiratory illness is also occurred by peaceable smoking. (Higginson, 2010) Genetic factor is also responsible for yhe occurrence of COPD however there is only one genetic factor alpha antitrypsin that involes in make this disease. The lack of this genetic factor is the single major risk factor for the occurrence of this disease. Though determine in only one percemt cases of COPD. con billetrment with noxious tickers is the most common cause of COPD. (Yohannes and Hardy, 2003) There are various diseases in childhood such as pneumonia and whooping cough prior to the age of 12 year are considered to be the risk factor of bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis. Females are at high risk of COPD th an man however argues that there is no difference in occurrence of COPD in male and females (Lindberg, 2006).The progress of the disease inside(a) body is mostly described by the agitation that involve central and peripheral airways. By the inhalation of the noxious substances or irritants , inflammation occurs in the central airway. Due to this soreness , there is more secretion of mucous secretion that damage the ciliary clearance. As a result the glands of the mucus turn into large size and therefore more production of mucus take place due to more amount of goblet cells. This emergence production of mucus provides an brilliant medium for the growth of microorganism cause the impairment of airway. Repeated transmittal causes damage to cilliary body and win inflammation. This promotion leads to constriction of airway . Following obstruction trapping of air inside lungs occurs that result in hyperinflation, difficulty in breathing and less perimeter to exercise. The chronic obstruction diseases are chronic bronchitis, emphysema (Higginson, 2010). For the appropriate oversight of COPD, holistic approach must be taken in vizor (Paul, 2004). Individually make lovement plan must be made that covers the inherent components such as termination of smoking, dietetical management and function of lungs should be maintained by medication therapy. Instant treatment in parking brake unit is started with the provision of oxygen and some conviction bronchodilator may be beneficial to find out reaction to the treatment (Gold, 2008). Moreover administration of oxygen helps in treating hypoxemia and hence improves breathing problem (Downs Appel, 2007). However excess economic consumption of oxygen may lead to withholding of carbon dioxide level in lungs. So it should be provided with cautious (Kevin, 2007). Patient was provided with oxygen therapy for short duration, the partial tone blackmail of oxygen of the patient is 74% so there is no requirement of oxgen for long term (Gold, 2008). Drug therapy is beneficial for the treatment of COPD and it is provided jibe to the seriousness level of disease condition (Incalzi et al, 2006). In mild COPD cases, short playing beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists is advised whereas in moderate and severe cases long acting beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist are recommended. Moreover anti cholinergic is beneficial and easily bearable in elderly people. Ph subdivisionacotherapy is essential in relieving the various symptoms however there is no medication that reveals long lasting improvement of lung function (Gold, 2004). Suggest that with the combination of different dose therapy can give better result and reduce the pestilential effects as compared to large amount of single dosage. The preference of different bronchodilators depends upon, accomplishment of desired reaction and ill effects (Downs Appel, 2007). Suggest that due to very few harmful effects and less dosage requirement, inhalation route is chosen for treatment (American thoracic society, 2004) . The widely used short acting beta agonist are salbutamol, terbutaline, pirbuterol and salmeterol, formoterol are the long acting beta agonist also methylxanthines such as theophylline , antichollinergic and inhaled adrenal cortical steroid are commonly used that are beneficial in decrease m mucus secretion in airway (Nazir and Erbland, 2009). Pharmacotherapy in the patient was begin with the administration of combined therapy of salbutamol of dose 50g with ipratropium 20g. these are the bronchodilators which is provided with the help of inhaled and injection of theophyllin also administered through intra muscular route. There are some other drugs that are beneficial in severe stage such as antioxidants and immunoregulators (Gold, 2008)Improper nutrition in COPD patient is quite general and it has harmful govern on the pulmonary functioning. So helping the client in maintenance of adequate nutrition level is principal(prenominal) and beneficial in meliorate the respiratory functioning (Shepherd, 2010). Moreover the client whose BMI is less than 21 kg/m2 should be given adjunct diet in order to improve condition of client besides (Vermeeren et al, 2001). However age associated alteration in structure, height, muscular changes and if value of BMI is more than also malnutrition cannot be identified (Shepherd, 2010). In patient BMI is in typical category instead patient is advised to take adequate calories, carbhohydrate and proteins in diet. Patient is also advised to avoid caffeine, restrict sodium and taking more milk.The other pr chargetive measure is vaccination of influenza. It has much influence in prevention of various acute respiratory illnesses along with COPD. This type of vaccination must be advised to each patient suffering from COPD (Wongsurakiat, 2004) .Patient who is moderate or severe deterioration of lung function ac pileingly pulmonary rehabilitation is beneficial to gain maximum function ing to manage with disease condition. Patients are motivated to do different types of exercise to respect body healty Such as steps up, walking , various arm exercises, self handling of various activites such as taking medication, that helps in keeping the function of different system appropriately. Also exercise for change magnitude hyperinflation and manage dyspnoea such as deep breathing and pursed lip is advised to the patient (Barnett, 2008). Moreover advantages of rehabilitation of lung fuction maintain for numerous months even after the end of this program (O Donell, 2007) . COPD is the most prevalent problem that effect mostly elderly people. The mai symptom of COPD is shortness of breath, production of cough with sputum. The main cause of occurrence of this disease is cigarette smoking. History taking and physical examination is beneficial in excluding all the differential diagnosis. Through spirometry diagnosis of COPD can be made. Pharmacology is helpful in controlling the further spread of disease but medication does not provide effective result in long term care. CASE STUDY ON SPINAL CORD INJURYThis case study will stick out light on the complete physical examination and diagnostic test and a range of laboratory investigation to confirm the diagnosis. It will then undergo detail treatment plan along with differential diagnosis to explain the appropriate intervention on the basis of present evidence sources. Also it will explore the recent issues regarding care of spinal anesthesia anesthesia pile injured patent. The actual name of the patient is changed in the study so that data cannot be recognized (Dimond, 2002). Mr. Malik Aggarwal is a 21 year old student studying in University of Greenwich doing mastering in marketing. During summer run in France, Malik was struck with an motorbike accident. During accident he fall raspingly on the footpath from his bike and was lying towards his abdomen . This accident was witnessed by the policema n and he quickly gave call for first aid management. Ambulance was arrived soon and emergency staff identify the severity of Malik brand, they protect the neck of the dupe with the help of strong board and immobilize the part before transferring him to the emergency department of the closest hospital. Patient was awake and also familiarized with current date, day and location. He was also replying in well manner. After stretch hospital, he complained of loss of feeling on his both legs, severe throe in neck, mild pain on his back and all extremities, patient was not able to move his neck and write down extremities properly. The assessment was carried out by the emergency specialist staff, and found that there were contusions and lesions present on his trunk and lower extremities, the restriction of the neck was rapidly maintained by the staff with the help of firm cervical collar. In order to limit further deterioration of condition, patient was supported with cervical traction and draw was also supported with motion restricted devices that are helpful in maintaining proper alignment (Grubb, 2006) . The cardinal signs were checked and indicate that patient has rakehell bosom of 100/70, pulse rate 90/minute, respiration 20/mt, temperature 98.4 F and oxygen saturation was 90%.During history collection main emphasis should be given on complete mechanism that how the dent took place, this data is confirmed from the witness and also who is present at the time of accident to so as to proceed accurately towards confirmation of diagnosis (Schreiber, 2009). Other physical and social factors should be noticed that may substitute with the proper assessment of pain (Cruz-Almeida, 2007). Moreover complete history plays an important role in knowing possible etiology of different symptoms and also helps in excluding differential diagnosis. Proper pharmacological history , family history and dietary history should be taken because it might be beneficial in knowing th e disease (Cox, 2008) .History collection of patient reveals that patient was yearning and had complaint of pain at the site of neck. The constant pain occur due to the condensation of muscles of neck muscls. There were presence of mild lesions on the trunk and extremities. Therefore it might be the case of damage on cervical stack because continual pain is the indication of spinal corduroy disgrace (Lee and Ostrander, 2003) . The exact cause of stain is the extreme flexion of precede towards the chest that is due to hyperflexion. Moreover if the main reason of spinal cord brand is hyperflexion or hyperextension then it might be the case of spinal cord injury (ElFaramawy, 2009). Client gave appropriate reaction to each question during history taking , this shows that patient has good level of advisedness. As patient vital sign indicate that patient has hypotension, low respiratory rate and decrease in temperature. The one reason for the occurrence of hypotension might be the interference of vagal and symphathetic vascular tone (Karlet 2001). The client symptoms of hypotension, bradycardia indicates that it might be due to neurogenic shock (McLeod, 2004). After the collection of data it is essential to carry out physical assessment by covering all the aspects. Adequate Physical assessment is the basis in determining the injury related to spinal cord (Bono and Lee, 2004). Moreover physical examination particularly of neurological system is beneficial in gathering the baseline data. The main section in neurological examination include will be cranial boldnesss, receptive and motor function and also reflexes (Noah, 2004). taxment take place by mkaintaing proper interpersonal relationship with patient. While doing inspection assess for the mental condition, intellectual and cognitive response of the patient (Crimlisk, Grande 2004). Assess for the posture of the patient, if posture maintained by patient is decerebrate thenit may indicate trauma in the midbrain. With the help of Glasgow stupor scale, level of consciousness should be assessed and also this scale is beneficial in determining the sensory, motor and communicative response. However the response through this scale is not satisfactory in determing the verbal function (Iyer, 2009). Assess for the extremities for spasticity, presence of weakness, flaccidity as these are the significant mark of damage to neurologic system and also assess for the pronator drift which signify hemiparesis (Crimlisk and Grande, 2004).In the patient, level of consciousness through Glasgow coma is assessed and it is found to be 13 which is normal(Iyer, 2009). Inspection of the patient indicates that there is presence of abrasions on the body and he has difficulty in breathing which is indicated from the use of accessory muscles. This data may be crucial in determine that damage occur in between C3 and C5 vertebrae (Walker, 2009). Neck and trunk should be properly palpated as it is helpful in determine any diverseness of defect in the neurological system. Palpation should be done in an appropriate manner starting from the cranium and regularly descending along the vertebral disc. On palpation of patient there is feeling of inflexibility of muscles of cervical and tenderness. So there are chances of cervical injury (Noah, 2004). diagnosis of spinal cord injury is based not just on history collection and examination infact complete neurological examination and radiographic studies are essential for the confirmation of diagnosis (Berney, et al 2011) .spinal anaesthesia nerve assessment should be done with the help of hammer that should be relate beneath the knee. Striking causing sending of nerve impulse and thigh muscles contracted due to this flow of nerve impulse. If there is no contraction of muscles then it indicates there is distruption in the pathway and some sensory or motor deficit. In patient there was mild contraction of muscle fibre indicate neurological de ficit(Cox, 2008).After that cranial nerves should be assessed by various method such as recognization of smell, assessment of the vision through snellen chart, assess for speech ,facial expression, assess for optic fundi with the help of opthalmoscope, if there is presence of papilloedema it may be the case of increase intracranial pressure. In patient all the cranial nerves are intact and also no papilloedema is present which exclude the diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure (Cox, 2008) .Patient motor and sensory function is determined by the American Spinal Injury Association (AISA) impairment scale. In this scale sensory deficit and motor impairment is recognized with the help of broad categorization. In the patient the strength of elbows, wrist was normal, the stretch of the biceps and triceps was also normal. The response of the patient towards light touch and pin prick was normal up to the inguinal area however due to weakness of lower limbs, the response of lower extre mities was not adequate indicate sensory deficit due to spinal cord trauma (Dodwell, 2010) . However the proper alignment of the vertebrae and recognizing of fracture cannot be possible with such scale so for that radiography is essential (Sheerin, 2005). The radiography is beneficial in determine the fracture of thoracic vertebrae, it gives reliable selective information but it is not useful in case of cervical vertebrae as these vertebrae are to small to be visible appropriately in radiography (Jorge, 2009). Radiography of the patient provide inadequate data as the film was not properly clear.The deep examination of displacement of bone segments and fractures is possible with the help of computed tomography. The CT scan is beneficial in visualization of the figure in different cross section (Jorge, 2009).It is possible to get exact information regarding injury of bone with the help of CT scan and radiography films however the injury to the wanton tissue on the cord, interverteb ral disc then these diagnostic test does not provide complete information regarding soft tissues (Sheerin, 2005). The CT scan of patient exhibit that injury take place at the level of C5 toughie. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is helpful in visualization of injury that occurs on soft tissues by providing well clarify image. The further deterioration and injury that occur due to soft tissues is clearly recognized with the help of MRI (Sheerin, 2005). The MRI of patient shows that there is no soft tissue injury.Functional studies such as positron emission tomography, electromyograms are not of use in case of conscious client. They are only essential in patients who are not accommodating (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002).From the above history collection, physical assessment, various diagnostic test it is clear that client has cervical injury at the level of 5 intercostals vertebra. Spinal cord is the basic part of central skittish system. It consists of thirty one segments. However due to the fusion of coccygeal bones there are 30 segments in vertebral column (Sheerin, 2004). Spinal cord has two region that is cervical and lumber and it is consist of grey matter (Sheerin, 2004). idea of 500 to 700 people each year suffers from traumatic spinal cord injury in UK. The main aetiology of spinal cord injury is straight mechanical injury and injury develops due to the compression on cord (Pellatt, 2010). This compression develops from traumatic and non traumatic reason (McDonald Sandusky, 2002). Due to this magnify of cord, intense flexion, extension or rotation develops. If injury develops due to channelize force then within little duration discharge of enzymes from cells and vasoactive substance take place. After that neutrophills and macrophages infilterate in that region. The amount of potassium in extracellular fluid boost up and cells become depolarized and result in hypoxic conditions. Where as in case of indirect cause, vascular system compromised causing lack of blood supply in tissues. Which further leads to development of various haemorrhages, due to this haemorrhages the endothelium of blood vessels become disrupted. Further development of aneurysms occurs causing thrombi development in blood vessels. Due to stimulation of vagus nerve, imbalance thermoregulation develops and because of dermal blood vessel dilatation various life threatening sign and symptoms are developed such as neurogenic shock due to vasodilatation (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002).There are also development of various syndrome such as front tooth cord syndrome which occurs due to the injury to the two third of spinal cord in the anterior side, and next is the posterior cord syndrome that occurs due to the injury to the two third of spinal cord in the posterior side (Bailes et al, 200) . Central cord syndrome mainly occupies the cervical part of spinal cord. This syndrome normally influence elderly people and develop cervical spondylosis due to hyperextension. This s pondylosis and hyperextension injury together put compression on the anterior and posterior side of cord. Due to which ligament turn towards inner side and put force on the anterior horn cells. This will further causes development of oedema (Bailes et al, 200) . precaution of the patient begins from the site of the accident. First priority of the management is the maintenance of the airway, breathing and circulation. Oxygen therapy helps to prevent hypoxic conditions along with that oxygen therapy stop unessential injury that occurs due to the hypoxic conditions. For maintain airway jaw thrust method should be used chin lift method should be avoided as this may deteriorate the neck by extension (Pellatt, 2010). Immediately stabilization of spine must be maintain with the help of stiff cervical colour. The client must be positioned on hard board so as to maintain proper alignment. If there is requirement of intubation then it should be maintained with the help of three people withou t mobilizing the patient. However immobilization is not as important as the oxygen therapy because death of the patient may take place due to development of encephalopathy in hypoxic condition (Sheerin, 2005). After the confirmation of diagnosis, drug therapy should be started without any delay. Currently this drug therapy is recognized as basic treatment and helps in limiting secondary damage due to hypoxic condition. Steroid treatment must be started immediately. Methylprednisolone is more preferable. The amount needed for this drug is 30mg/kg in 15minutes, subsequently 5.44mg/kg/hr within 24 hours. Steroid treatment helps in improving neurologic deficit through blood flow toward central nervous system. However this drug is helps in only protection of neurological function and also use of elevated amount this drug result in side effects such as gastric bleeding and infection of wound (Weant, 2008). Further supporting, this drug is usually beneficial within 8 hours of injury. Also in the study organized by the researcher in random controlled trial to see the impact of nimodipine and methylprednisolone on patient with spinal cord injury in acute phase is that both the drugs call forth side effects and these drugs are not of much beneficial (Pointillart, 2000).Also respiratory and cardiovascular function should be adequately maintained in spinal cord injury. Excessive damage if occur by spinal cord injury has remarkable effect on respiratory system. broadly colloidal solutions maintain pulmonary wedge pressure. (Nockels, 2001) Moreover due to spinal cord injury the tidal volume generated by accessory muscles is not adequate and result in further damage to pulmonary function so there is need of maintainence of respiratory function. Also hypotension may develop in patient as a result of neurogenic shock. Therefore it is essential to check blood pressure and average arterial pressure should be more than 85mmHg. However if blood pressure is too low than it can be managed with the help of vasopressin agent such as dopamine (Sheerin, 2005). Mr. Malik was provided oxygen about 2 litres/min so as to maintain proper perfusion. Pulse oxymetry was continued and part

Limitations In Social Work Practice Social Work Essay

Limitations In affectionate spiel Practice amicable reckon EssayThere argon many competing pressures to direct the service in ways that may non be consistent with br some otherly radical principles towards greater penal and correctional models. It is wherefore natural to strike a clear brain of the policy and juristic framework that creates the remit and authenticity for the operation of companionable progress to in the shepherds crook judge at go to (Whyte, 2001, p.7).As Whytes take cares indicate, to practise effectively, it is necessary to get hold of a critical rationality of the law and to recognise limitations as well as strengths in fond Work. The law nonify deficiency clarity and arse be clean-cut to interpretation. This essay aims to discuss kindly Work roles and responsibilities in venomous arbiter settings in notification to the change magnitude number of wo hands involved in the Scotch Criminal jurist system. The law ro implement make t he amicable Work task daedal and issues related to sagaciousness, decision- devising, accountability, discrimination and oppression leave behind be considered and the trespass on work users, their families and the union. friendly Work involves working with marginalised and separate service users who stub be both vulnerable to abomination and capable to sorryisation and subsequently, practice involves work with victims or wrongdoers. Local Authorities (LAs) go for a statutory responsibility to provide Criminal arbitrator affable Work Services to bread and entirelyter the Criminal evaluator fulfil by dint of assess ment of individuals, entropy to the Courts and supervision of wrongdoers.Scotland differs from the rest of the UK in that at that place is a unique cultural and political herit progress and a separate reas unrivaledd system. Social Work therefore, has a pennyral role indoors the Criminal Justice process in Scotland which is in contrast to England a nd Wales. As McAra (2005) suggests a to a greater extent(prenominal) wel distante orientated approach has been adopted cod to Scotlands legal culture and political history.The legal framework bylining powers and duties of Criminal Justice Social Work is the Social Work Scotland exploit 1968 (as amended). Section 27 of this make out outlines the province by LAs to provide specific Criminal Justice run (for example affectionate background reports, supervision of offenders on an beau monde or Licence) in wonder of inherent government funding however, it does not exempt the objectives of these serve or provide way on their exercise. Section 12 gives LAs discretion to provide additional services for example to victims, as division of the superior ecumenic responsibility to promote social welfargon.Probation or offender services became the responsibility of the LA Social Work Departments in 1968 and had a general duty to promote social welfargon in their locality (S12, So cial Work (Scotland) do 1968). This was collect to the Kilbrandon Committee (Kilbrandon, 1964) being appointed to go over increasing juvenile horror. The Kilbrandon Report recommended a new approach to childrens services with children who offend being treated the same as children requiring cargon and protection. Kilbrandon to a fault suggested diversion and early voluntary intervention as crime bar and one department for children and adults. This merge of work with adult offenders was pivotal in recognising work with offenders as having a welfare component admittedly with a level of control. The Kilbrandon philosophy advocated rehabilitation and treatment of offenders and an awareness of the social slips of crime which is still relevant to todays practice.From the 1980s onwards Criminal Justice in Scotland has undergone major legislative andpolicy change. As there was patronage for exoteric protection and society governing bodyeffectiveness in 1991, 100 per cent central g overnment funding was introduced and theNational Objectives and Standards (NOS) were published which set out core objectives,service prep and guidance on their delivery (Social Work Group, 1991). This resulted inthe government committing to Social Work delivering this role.Due to recent ascent prison populations, there has been growing political concern that custody place need to decrease and should be replaced with community based alternatives. Women are only(prenominal) a minority of the prison population exactly their imprisonment is increasing more than that of men (McIvor, 2007), although their offend is less serious and less frequent.prison house decrys are inappropriate for feminine offenders, with the ejection of serious or ruby female offenders as their fragile situation in the community can be exacerbated and this can spend a penny a long-term negative shock absorber on women and their families (Corston, 2007).Social Work with offenders should aim to foretell a nd reduce pique behaviour. Whilst the law provides a framework for practice, effective work with offenders requires skills such as communication, therapeutic relationships in supervision, assessment and risk steering. The task is varied and complex as Social Workers lease the power to control the individuals who are referred via the Courts and execute Court Orders but essential in like manner work with an offender in a holistic, inclusive way to piddle a positive uphold on their offending behaviour ( frugal Executive, 2004a). This can be through support and assistance in relation to personalised and social problems but in addition the individual taking responsibility for their actions. Effective and ethical practice is therefore, active considering and managing the unavoidably and corrects of the Courts, the general prevalent, victims and offenders.Although Social Workers have statutory duties and powers to intervene in peoples lives this is not always welcome but is ne cessary in promoting public safety. Under the Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC) Code of Practice, Social Workers have an obligation to uphold public trust and confidence and the Criminal Justice Authorities (CJAs) are required by Scottish Executive guidance to develop a strategy to address this (Scottish Executive, 2006b). This strategy includes both offenders and their families and Social Workers should engage these individuals and recognise their views in the development of services.Both Criminal police force and Social Work recognise the autonomy of individuals preferences on how they get hold of their lives and with this content is criminal responsibility. Those who lack capacity e.g. children and the genially disordered, are not iniquitous in the eyes of the law and may be treated differently. It is therefore recognised that criminal behaviour is not just a choice but may be active social hazard to which they have minimal control. Social Workers should assist in al baseing individuals to improve their capacity for making choices together with consequences to their actions (ADSW, 1996a).Although Social Workers are obliged to protect the justs and interests of service users there is a belief amongst the general public that they have forfeited these rights when they have offended. All Criminal Justice agencies must comply with the Human Rights Act 1988 which incorporates into domestic law the fundamental rights set out in the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). Public Authorities are required to honor all of the provisions however, the two articles with particular relevance to Criminal natural law and Social Work are the right to liberty and security system (Article 5. ECHR) and the right to a fair trial (Article 6, ECHR). However, restrictions can be imposed on those who breach criminal law or are a terror to public safety as long as the detention is classic by law and there is balance mingled with the individual, their victims an d the general public. The Social Worker must assess this balance through rigorous assessment and analysis of risk. The role requires respect to offenders as individuals and take hold in that the offenders ability and right to function as a member of society is not stricken to a greater extent than is necessary in the interests of nicety (ADSW, 1996a).Criminal Justice Social Work services are delivered in partnership with various statutory and non-statutory agencies and this presents challenges due to conflicting professional values and aims. The concern of Offenders etc. (Scotland) Act 2005 was introduced to improve joint working and co-ordinate the management of offenders in the transition from custody to community supervision and places a duty on Criminal Justice Authorities (CJAs) to have an reading sacramental manduction process in order that relevant information is shared in the midst of agencies (s.3 (5)(g)) for improving offender and risk management. However, sensiti ve personal information must be handled carefully and be under the principles of the Data Protection Act 1988 and local agency protocols.Practitioners must ensure that any information sharing decisions are fully explained and understood by the offender even when their take on to disclosure is not required.Organisations who deliver public services have general duties to eliminate unlawful discrimination and promote equality of opportunity on the understanding of race (Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000), sex (Equality Act 2006), and deterrent (Disability Discrimination Act 2005). Individuals who are involved with Criminal Justice organisations are entitled to the protection of discrimination laws which relate to sex, race, disability, religious beliefs and sexual orientation, with exception to exercising judicial functions or carrying out Court orders. In these circumstances, it may be within Article 14 of the ECHR which prevents to the right to liberty and security of the indiv idual or the right to a fair trial being interfered with on a wide range of discriminatory grounds. Criminal Justice is still influenced by prejudicial and discriminatory views.Research carried out by both the Social Work and Prisons Inspectorate for Scotland (1998) highlighted concerns about the treatment of female offenders in the Criminal Justice process. In addition, several inquiries in England and Wales in relation to racial discrimination by the police and prison services have subsequently raised public awareness (Macpherson, 1999 Keith, 2006). The Scottish Government has a duty to publish information of discrimination of any unlawful grounds (s.306 (1)(b) Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995) and therefore, all workers need to practise in an anti-discriminatory way.The law outlines the limits of Social Work intervention and knowledge of the law is essential to anti-oppressive practice.The only legitimacy for intervening in the life of the individual within the criminal jus tice process is the individuals offending behaviourif individuals have social needs which require to be met but are not crime related or crime producing, or if the offence is not sufficiently serious to fall within the criteria of the twin-track approach, services should be offered, as far as realistic, through voluntary provisionNo-one should be drawn into the criminal justice processes in order to receive social work sponsor (Moore and Whyte, 1998, p.24).Risk assessment and offence based practice is an ethical approach. It aims to ensure that the close to intensive and potentially most intrusive services are focused on those service users who pose the greatest risk of causation terms to others(ADSW, 2003) and prevent socially disadvantaged individuals being taken encourage into criminal justice control which can result in unless social exclusion. There is ofttimes a complex relationship amid social exclusion and offending behaviour and often the Criminal Justice process di splays existing injustices within society. It is important that issues in relation to class, age and social context should be recognised together with vulnerability to discrimination.The Social Workers role should be to address issues of social exclusion and empower individuals to lead law abiding lives by addressing their offending behaviour. Social Work can help offenders develop capacity to make informed choices by actively encouraging engagement with improving their current situation and their participation in the supervision and change process (McCulloch, 2005 McNeill, 2004). Assisting offenders to focus on their strengths as conflicting to their risk and needs can have a positive impact as they learn to recognise the value in their own lives and respect the value of others.The sentencing stage in the criminal justice process generates the absolute majority of Criminal Justice Social Work through provision of information to the Court in the form of Social Enquiry Reports (SERs ) and the administration of community garbage disposals, with the exception of liberty orders (tagging). SERs have no legal basis but there is a statutory duty on criminal justice social work to provide reports to the Court for disposal of a representative (s.27(1)(a) SWSA 1968. Reports provide the court with the information and advice they need in deciding on the most appropriate way to deal with offenders. They include information and advice about the feasibility of community based disposals, particularly those involving local authority supervision. In the case of every offender under 21 and any offender facing custody for the first conviction, the court must obtain information and advice about whether a community based disposal is available and appropriate. In the event of custody, the court requires advice about the possible need for a supervise Release order or Extended Sentence Supervision on release. (Scottish Executive, 2004d, para. 1.5)The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 sets out when the court can or must obtain an SER. Failure to request a report, where required by law, can result in a sentence being quashed on appeal. The Court is not obliged to follow recommendations or opinions in the SER however, Social Workers can have a direct influence on the sentence passed.Preparing SERs demands a high standard of professional practice. It requires skilled interviewing, the ability to dupe and assess information from different sources, and the art of writing a report which is dependable, constructive, impartial and brief (Social Work Services Inspectorate (SWSI), 1996).The law imposes time limits in compiling reports, which in practice creates more demands on a workers time and places increased pressure in the preparation of SERs especially if there are high numbers of worker absence or whether the offender is cognize to the worker and their individual circumstances. Whilst conducting interviews the worker must ensure that the offender understa nds the intent of the report, the relevance of questions ( health, addiction issues, and personal relationships) and the limits to confidentiality of this information. Social workers must balance between an informed recommendation and an awareness of the severity of the offence. The report author should be impartial and not minimise the seriousness of the offence and its impact (NOS, Scottish Executive, 2004d, para 5.5) and phrases that imply moral legal opinions, label or stereotype offenders should not be used (para. 5.1).When compiling an SER workers are required to consider the suitability of disposals in relation to the risk posed by an offender and to send appropriate resources which are most appropriate and successful in addressing offending behaviour. Risk assessment is complex and there has been a shift from concern for the offender and their needs to concern about public safety and the offender being a potential source of risk to others. Although the legislation is not explicit about offending behaviour, NOS state that SERs should provide information and advice which will help the Court decide the available sentencing optionsby assessing the risk of reoffending, andthe possible harm to others. This requires an investigation of offending behaviour and of the offenders circumstances, attitudes and motivation to change (Scottish Executive, 2004d, 1.6).The most widely used assessment tools are The take of Service stemma Revised(LSI-R) to assess risk of re-offending and the Risk Assessment Guidance poser (RAGF) to assess risk of harm. However, workers vary in their use of risk of harm assessment tools, with some workers using the Risk Assessment 1-4 (RA1-4) due to lack of training on the RAGF assessment tool, lack of confidence or personal choice and in personal experience some workers fail to address the risk of harm in SERs for fear of being questioned about the stiffness and reliability of the assessment. LA Criminal Justice Services have opted for one or other, or a combination of both approaches in their offender management. However, the national implementation of a common tool is now planned, with the proposals for The Level of Service Case Management Inventory (LSCMI) (Scottish Government, 2007).These risk assessment tools are inappropriate for women offenders, as their development is based predominantly on populations of men (McIvor and Kemshall, 2002 Maurutto and Hannah-Moffat, 2006), tend to over predict the risk of re-offending and fail to identify health and other needs that are of particular relevance to women. Even where needs are identified it is unclear whether or how they relate to womens offending. Actuarial calculations can result in inappropriate and harsh responses from the Courts but can also deny that a woman is in the process of desisting from crime or that her offending is a symptom as opposed to a vex of other additional problems in her life. It could be argued that focus should be more about needs which stablise an individuals lifestyle than on offending, which results from that lifestyle, and could be seen as a better way to inform both sentencer and practitioner decision making. captain judgement also varies widely depending on the assessor. Differences can emerge due to workers age, length of service and experience and some use their professional judgement more than actuarial methods (Barry, 2007a). Risk assessments are standardised tools which fail to take into account how appropriate interventions are or the availability of services but form the basis on which the need for and addition to interventions is determined. These differing needs and circumstances mean that available interventions are not appropriate for a round of women.The assessed needs of women are not always taken into account in the sentence they receive. Women predominantly, are effrontery harsher sentences that are disproportionate to the offence in comparison to the treatment of male offenders. Comm unity Service is a high-tariff disposal which is legislated to serve as an alternative to custody. However, research carried out in Scotland conclude that women were more likely to receive a Community Service Order in their inter-group communication in the Criminal Justice system than men (McIvor, 1998 McIvor and Barry, 1998).Community Service is traditionally male dominated, is mainly heavy manual duties such as painting, landscaping and joinery and many women struggle with this disposal for several reasons. Firstly, in terms of child care arrangements whilst undertaking their placement, women can be wary due to past experiences with Children and Families Social Workers even although they have no access to childcare through their own social networks and therefore, organising childcare facilities becomes the responsibility of the Social Work Department.Additionally, there is lack of female supervisors to administer Community Service placements for women and many women are reluc tant to be administrate by a man and this greatly reduces the number of placements appropriate to their skills and capabilities.The use of effective and appropriate sanctions for female offenders presents some challenges. Interventions and services are typically developed for male offenders but are unlikely to meet female offenders needs and there is increasing recognition that gender appropriate provision is required. As argued by Sheehan et al. (2007) gender specific responses may encourage a reduction in imprisonment for this vulnerable group as women tend to offend through necessity than choice (Barry, 2007b Home Office, 2004).Support from Social Workers should be given to reduce involvement in offending, but be problems must also be addressed such as low self-esteem, mental and physical health, financial restraints and limited educational and employment opportunities.A study of probation with female offenders in Scotland, found that practitioners recognised that interventions with women need to be more informal, less structured and more focused on issues other than offending behaviour. Community sanctions work more effectively if there is flexibility as women tend to breach orders as a result of non-compliance as opposed to further offending (Scottish Government, 2007).Probation can be seen as access to a package of welfare measures which might not otherwise be available to women who need support as opposed to punishment (McIvor and Barry, 1998). An ongoing challenge for practitioners is the absence of alternative welfare orientated disposals and that some women view probation negatively based on previous episodes of supervision or involvement in relation to child care issues and may not boob support made available. Probation Orders vary in length and this can cause difficulties in client motivation over a long conclusion of time and increases the risk of non-compliance resulting in Breach.Although the law is crucial in skeletal frame Social Work pr actice in the Criminal Justice process it is equally important that Social Work skills and values are central to effective interventions. Crime has become increasingly prominent both in the public and political agenda and therefore, Social Work has become more prominent and complex. Social Workers have a professional responsibility towards victims, the Court, community and offenders however, community based resources are scarce for women as their offending seldom presents a significant public risk (Scottish Office, 1998).The needs presented by women count to be less about offending and more about the underlying problems in their lives such as former or current abuse, poverty, parenting difficulties, mental health and addiction issues and this can increase the likelihood of offending (Carless, 2006). These problems due to their nature and complexity often make it difficult for professionals to work effectively within the confines of the Criminal Justice system. Priority should be giv en to offering practical and emotional support to women rather than focusing on their offending behaviour and their ability to comply with strict requirements. The Criminal Justice system cannot solely provide effective responses to vulnerable women leading often chaotic and damaged lives within an increasingly risk averse and vindicatory environment however, Social Workers need to have a critical understanding of the law to practice effectively and to recognise its limitations as well as strengths.

Thursday, March 28, 2019

The Role of Femininity in Shakespeares Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear

The Role of Femininity in Shakespeares Hamlet, Othello, and superpower Lear Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear similarly experience an unhooking (Tompkins) in the eponymous plays. These tragic figures struggle with versed and external femininity after realizing their emotions and labeling them feminine, they identify women as the source of this interdict femininity. Their inability to deal with the female gender in any smorgasbord destabilizes their masculinity, causing an unhooking/unlatching within them. The origin of Hamlets psychological decay lies in his animosity towards Gertrude and his inability to adjust to her marrying Claudius. From Hamlets perspective, Gertrude giving herself to a new husband signifies her ruin to honor his amaze and her abandonment of Hamlet he is figuratively orphaned, and he resents his sole living parent. Addition completelyy, Hamlets emotional confidence has been significantly damaged visual perception his mother with another man substantiates the possibility that his future wife could tolerate him for another man and cause him serious pain. This realization compels Hamlet to cover his feelings for Ophelia with madness, a defense mechanism intended to conceal his vulnerability. Ophelia reports that he appeared with his doublet all unbracd,/No hat upon his head, his stockins fouled,/Ungartred, and down-gyved to his ankle (2.1.75-7), but as Hamlet is well-aware of the get up code, he likely intended for his behavior to be viewed as out of the question and then mad. Throughout the play, Hamlet has difficulty reacting to his feelings and the women who cause them. Because he wishes he could act instead of speculating, Hamlet curses his own femininity Fie upont, foh (2.2.584-7). Secondly, his anger towards Ophelia is like... ...ing his death however, this occurs too late, as Goneril and Regan shake off left his fate to Edmund, convinced that their father has lost all reason. Similarly, Othellos unhooking is so complete tha t the only way Desdemona could have survived is if he kills himself first. In contrast, Hamlet could have lived, feeling the grief of Ophelias death, had he not rejected his characteristic inaction, which he believed to be connected with his emotions and thus feminine. whole works CitedBradley, A.C. King Lear. 20Lh Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersev Prentice-Hall, 1978.Neely, Carol. Women and Men in Othello Critical Essays on Shakespeares Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994.Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York HarperCollins, 1992.

Symbolism,Characterization, and Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brow

Symbolism,Characterization, and conviction in unexampled Good worldly concern Brown Faith is believing what you cant see or touch. Faith is knowing something especially when there is no proof to confirm it up. Young Goodman Brown is a story about a man who leaves his wife, Faith, home alone for a night while he journeys with the scold down the road of temptation. During the course of his journey, the man sees many people who depend out of place, including his wife. When he returns home to Salem, he is a changed man. In this story, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolic representation and characterization in order to imply that when an individual loses faith in the goodness of mankind, that individual may conclude that mankind (including friends and family) has given in to temptation. Hawthorne uses symbolism to imply that when individuals lose their faith in the goodness of mankind, they may begin to imagine that their peers have yielded to temptation. The character of Faith is Goodman Browns spouse, but she is withal a symbol of his faith in mankind. Browns relationship with Faith changes as the story progresses, from tender and caring love to judgmental scorn. Browns thoughts about Faith as he leaves on his journey are Poor minuscular Faith...shes a blessed angel on earth... ...ith in humans and starts imagining that all his peers are guilty of sin. Is mankind unworthy of our faith? no. Faith in the goodness of mankind is a belief in something for which there is proof. Works Cited and Consulted Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Complete Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. late York Doubleday and Co., Inc.,1959. Leavis, Q.D. Hawthorne as Poet. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

Love and Neurobiology: Not So Strange Bedfellows :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Love and Neurobiology Not So antic Bedfellows The moment you have in your heart this extraordinary thing called cognize and feel the depth, the delight, the ecstasy of it, you will discover that for you the world is transformed. -J. Krishnamurti Love is ace of lifes great mysteries. People live and build their lives around love. For many people, love, or the quest to find love, is a reason to get out of chouse in the morning. Love is arguably the most overwhelming of all emotions. many another(prenominal) ideals and religions consider the bond of love sacred. But, why do people overhaul in love? Is romantic love an enigma, or can it be reduced to the presence of certain chemicals and neurotransmitters within the oral sex at a given time? In the hit movie Roxanne, Steve Martin plays an articulate, put-together fire chief. However, when he falls in love with Roxanne, he acts crazy and performs dangerous tumbling on her balcony in an attempt to earn her love. In Titanic, the two lovebirds peril it all in a vein attempt to pursue their love. And, in Shakespeares classic, Romeo and Juliet, the love struck Venetians deny their families and take their own lives in the relate of love. What causes this temporary insanity that most everyone encounters at some point in his or her life? Many believe that love is spontaneous and inexplicable, except many neurobiologists disagree. They stand by the idea that the read/write head causes all behavior, nevertheless love. The scientific definition of love is having stimulation that one desires (5). Recent search by two British neurologists concludes that love is linked to certain brain activities. By conducting tests using a magnetic resonance imager, the scientists measured brain natural process in 17 people while they were viewing a picture of their loved one, and while they were viewing a photo of a friend of the same sex as their lover. When the individuals see the picture of the mortal they love, clear activit y occurs in four regions of the brain that were not dynamical when the image of the friend was present. The media insula, which is responsible for instinctual feelings, and the anterior cingulate, which acts in response to euphoria-inducing drugs, such as cocaine, are the two areas of the cortex stimulated by pictures of a lover. The striatum, that is activated when we are rewarded and the prefrontal cortex also increase their activity when shown the same picture.