Personal Computer and Dell Essay

Synopsis: In 1984 Dell Inc. was founded by University of Texas freshmen, Michael Dell. Dell would buy computers from the excess inventory of local retailers and revamp them to sell out of his trunk. Dell was able to sell his computers at 10%-15% below retail price. After Dell’s freshmen year he dropped out to run his business full time. By 1995 Dell had sales of nearly $3. 5 billion and was one of the top five PC vendors in the world. Dell focused on customer support and service and became the master of process engineering and supply chain management. Dell has faced many challenges including distribution through US retail stores, management changes, and keeping up with its competitors. Since consumers aren’t willing to pay huge amounts of money for computers unless they were unique, Dell is at a crossroads. Which road Dell chooses to follow will determine its future. Resources: Dell Inc. ’s most valuable resource has been Michael Dell and its ability to sell computers at 10-15% below market value. Another huge resource is the executive team that Dell formed for guidance. Capabilities: Dell’s capability at producing products at a lower cost to its consumers is key. By adding services such as laptops, software/peripherals, servers/networking, services, and storage Dell expanded its capabilities. With the added services Dell can keep pace with its competitors. Core Competencies: Dell’s core competencies are the ability to offer quality products at cheaper prices, personalized orders, and the ability to keep their inventory relatively low. These competencies have helped Dell become a leader in the computer industry. Finding of Fact: Dell is currently at a crossroads; the company’s margins aren’t in a favorable position for the company. In 2010 yes their net income rose, but was still only 2. 91% of net revenue. Dell’s consumers are no longer willing to pay top dollar for a computer, unless it was unique. Competitors are selling laptops for around $300. Tablets have pushed Dell’s laptop sales down as well. Many more competitors have stepped into the industry since Dell first was founded. Dell also spends about 1% of its sales on research and development, while other companies spend about 5%. Justified Recommendation: Dell should invest more of its money into research and development for its products. Technology is constantly changing and for Dell to stay ahead or at least at the same pace, research and development is a must. I’m not saying Dell needs to go out and hire some new employees for this team. Dell could use members from each of its sections to help brainstorm and come up with new and innovative ideas. Innovative employees are invaluable to a company. Dell’s management should perform environmental scanning both internally and externally to find Dells SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats). Once SWOT is determined management could strategically figure out how to move forward. Environmental scanning shouldn’t be done just when a company finds it has â€Å"hit a bump in the road†, but periodically to keep the company innovative and make sure it is on the correct path. Dell should also perform an industry analysis. This analysis will review potential entrants, buyers, substitutes, suppliers, other stakeholders, and competitors. By completing the analysis a company can determine the high and low forces against the company. The low forces could be turned into a possible opportunity or based on the analysis results, the company could switch strategies.

Brand Philosophy Essay

The brand NEWE was created and nowadays follows the aim to show women’s beauty and sharm. Main goal of the brand is to make all possible efforts to find a solution of women skin troubles. Another strategy of the company is to make female skin more shiny, bright and beautiful. Mission The new formulation and one of high-priority goals of the company is to deactivate skin energy and make it looks full of life and shine through new innovations technologies developing. NEWE is making everything possible to product advanced cosmetics using delicate CGMP construction process. This process not only provides skin with natural ingredients but also based on only natural ingredients taken from clean environment. Science from nature NEWE is trying to bring skin technologies closer to life science and step by step taking the direction to ideal skin. Based on human efforts, natural ingredients and innovative technologies NEWE is heading to beautiful future. With outstanding progressive ideas and innovative strategies NEWE provides the skin’s beauty all women dream about. 6. NEWE’s procedures and effects Lightening Snow whitening (basic) Whitening (BB) Ultraviolet rays block Time lock (BB) Time lock (Basic) Golden label deluxe Gold therapy Wrinkles removal & anti-wrinkles therapy 7. NEWE’s procedures description & special features Name of the procedure | Skin type| Product formation | Skin problems available for care | Functions| The special features of the procedure | Gold label deluxe| All skin types| Toner, emulsion,essense,cream| Lack of elasticity,fine wrinkles, laugh lines| Wrinkle therapy| 1. Contains of 99% pure gold 2. Moisture& anti-ageing effects 3. Soft texture, high consistence of nutritions| Snow white| Oily ,combine skin| Serum, cream, spa-solution, BB cream| Lack of moisture, freckles, blemish, dark skin| Lightening, BB (2 phases)| 1. effect of 7 red moisture & whitening effect 2. Light texture, easy using 3. Purslane, white birch active extracts therapy | Time lock| Dry skin| Serum, cream, eye cream, BB cream| Lack of elasticity,fine wrinkles, laugh lines, deep wrinkles, skin troubles | Wrinkle therapy, BB (3 phases)| 1. Contains of pea ’s protein (stem cell culture medium) 2. Contains of bean’s fermentation extracts 3. Texture full of nutritions, moist using| Gold therapy | All skin types| Serum, cream| Dark skin, lack of elasticity, fading skin| Wrinkle therapy & lightening (double effect)| 1. Contain 99% gold components2. contains of caviar extracts 3. providing a moisture from chell | 8. Skin care & solutions for different age groups Age group 25-30 1. After the age 25, skin begins to decline energy and ageing process slowly starts (especially in the case of marriage, pregnancy and birth of children life style on the whole changes a lot, what influences on skin condition). 2. Fine wrinkles, laugh lines appear. 3. A tendency of decrease skin energy and elasticity. 4. Skin becomes tighter, and wrinkles near mouth zone become more visible. 5. Although consistence of oil/moist in skin almost the same with 20-25 age group, it’s a time when skin can change its type unexpectedly. Problem & skin care Problem: 1. Although there’s no big difference with 20-25 skin condition, due to cases of pregnancy & birth of children a state of skin begins to change. Care: 1. Choosing cosmetics which suits the skin type, protecting skin and keep the necessary moisture balance. 2. Paying attention on protection skin from ultraviolet rays and other outside impulses. 3. Taking care of skin using lightening cosmetics in case of fine wrinkles, laugh lines appearance. 4. Amount of serum secretion at eye, mouth, cheek zone begins to decrease, so face expression wrinkles should be taken care especially. ADVICE NEWE SNOW WHITE LINE! 9. Skin care& solutions for different age groups Age group 30 Skin condition 1. The state when stability of the skin is fold most. 2. In comparison with 20-s ageing process visible more, but due to continuous hormone secretion and stable life style most balanced skin condition 3. Decrease of skin elasticity, skin becomes pigmented easily, fine wrinkles, laugh lines appear. 4. Metabolism and all skin reactions become slower; as a result sebum secretion declines also. 5. Skin looses shine and gloss, becomes coarser, the moisture level decrease. Problem & skin care Problem: 1. Skin becomes dryer, and oily skin troubles decrease. 2. Increase of fine wrinkles, laugh lines and other troubles connected with ageing process (time, when people pay more attention on ageing process). Care: 1. 0 age is the time when metabolism retards, so to expedite circulation of the blood everyday massage and packs (should be used 1-2 times a week) are necessary measures. These procedures activate an energy stream in the skin, making it vitalized. 2. The people, who feel their skin more tight and dry than before, should include essence using in their everyday life and keep the moisture level balanced all the time. 3. To prevent skin vaporization nutrition cream should be used conti nuously both with eye cream against eye wrinkles& laugh lines. ADVICE NEWE TIME LOCK LINE NEWE GOLDEN THERAPY LINE 10. Skin care& solutions for different age groups Age group 40-50 Skin condition 1. Ageing process becomes more and more visible and fast, wrinkles appear not only at eye-mouth zone but at other parts of face 2. Time when skin becomes dry and the dryness is visible also. 3. Skin blemish swells, skin looks tight and coarse. Problem & skin care Problem: 1. Ageing of the skin becomes clearly visible, sebaceous glands’ function becomes worse, dermis structure and connections go off, skin elasticity decreases rapidly. Care: 1. Paying a lot of attention on prevention of skin dryness & and the loss made by ageing process, choice of high-nutrition cosmetics. 2. Use of preventing ageing process products, providing special care except of the used every day. 3. Use of packs bringing new energy to the skin; regular massage. 4. Use of plowshare cream and anti-wrinkle cream together. ADVICE! NEWE GOLDEN LABEL DELUXE LINE NEWE TIME LOCK LINE 11. Golden Label – anti-ageing Providing skin with 99% gold – happiness for skin! Providing of 99% gold peptide Adenosine – tested by Korea Food & Drug Administration Anti-wrinkle components & ingredients 12. Golden Label – anti-ageing Pure Gold 99 % * Pure gold used since Middle Age Era to prevent ageing-processes, it congenial with the body, there is no corrosion, doesn’t cause allergy; it’s expedite cell revival effects and famous all over the world by detoxification the poison, a wispy beard, sterilization and lightening effects. * Adenosine- the effect of wrinkle-removal tested and proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Due to ingredients effective both at preventing wrinkle and their removing at the same time. * Peptide – gets fast absorbed by skin fast; due to outstanding anti-wrinkles effect fully moisturize dry ;amp; dark skin, providing it with necessary nutritions. 13. Golden Label – anti-ageing NEWE GOLDEN LABEL DELUXE TONER 150 ml From the very moment of touching the skin, toner provides it with gold extracts and leaves the feeling of moisture due to synergy of nutritions and collagen. Toner keeps skin elastic, clean and full of energy, preventing wrinkles at the same time. NEWE GOLDEN LABEL DELUXE EMULSION 150 ml Due to the synergy of ingredients (gold, peptide and collagen mixed in optimum proportions) mild emulsion keeps skin clean, elastic and fresh. NEWE GOLD LABEL DELUXE ESSENSE 150 ml Luxurious enrich essence consists of 99% gold extract and collagen remove all skin and turn it back to the young age times. NEWE GOLD LABEL DELUXE CREAM 50 g Luxurious cream deeply provides skin with necessary nutritions, bringing loose skin to life, and return dry skin into energetic, full of elasticity one. 14. Snow White _ whitening Due to the complex of arbutin and 7 – red extracts makes skin bright and shiny immaculately. Arbutin – lightening component, effect was tested by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Moisturizing factor – sap of a white birch, puslane extract * 7-RedConcentrate – tomato, rose, camellia seeds, rubus coreanus fruit, rooibos, safflower seeds, peach – complex of 7-red ingredients. 15. Snow White _ whitening Arbutin – the ingredient was tested and proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Due to comprised whitening components lightens pigmented skin and makes it clean immaculately. -Red components – comprising effects of 7 red plants ingredients, this complex prevent skin from oxidation, control moisture balance and brings skin to the best condition, making it healthy and bright. Sap of a white birch, puslane extract – protects skin from outside irritations, provides necessary moisture and makes skin bright, resilient and smoo th. 16. Snow White _ 7-Red Complex 1. Rooibos – lightening effect, skin troubles prevention effect Anti-oxidation effect, powerful skin protector 2. camellia seeds – makes skin soft and smooth, protects from anti-oxidants; Makes crumbly and flaky skin healthy . rose flower – powerful effect of skin regeneration, brings fresh feeling Heals skin itching, inflammation, recovery effects 4. Oil of safflower seeds – outstanding plowshare; source of vitamin E 5. rubus coreanus fruit – powerful effect of skin regeneration, brings fresh feeling; Heals skin itching, inflammation, recovery effects 6. Tomato – Anti-oxidation effect; acne sterilization effect 7. Peach – prevention of skin dryness; brings the immunity to damaged skin; activate blood circulation and improve cell structure of skin 17. Snow White _ whitening NEWE SNOW WHITE SERUM 40 ml Serum permeates into the skin fast and deep, providing lightening effect. Enrich luxurious serum makes skin clean and bright. NEWE SNOW WHITE SPOT SOLUTION 20 ml Snow white spot solution is a product created for using at parts of skin with especially intensified pigmentation; controls the amount of melanin bringing pureness and shine to skin. NEWE SNOW WHITE CREAM 50 g Cream consists of whitening ingredients, richly provides skin with nutritions and moisture. NEWE SNOW WHITE BB CREAM LIGHTENING, SPF 40 PA++ 2 PHASE COSMETICS 40 ml Due to high level of outside factors protection 2 – phase effect cream blocks ultraviolet rays 2 times more effective, prevent skin damage and keeps the tone of skin smooth and natural all day long. 18. Time Lock _ anti-ageing â€Å"Adenosine complex and proteins of pea – solution, bringing liveliness and juvenility to skin† Adenosine – wrinkles removal effect proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Moisturizing Factor – bean’s fermentation ingredients; sodium hyaluronate. HYDROLYZED PEA PROTEIN – pea’s proteins 19. Time Lock _ anti-ageing Adenosine Wrinkle removal effect proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Adenosine removes all kinds of wrinkles (from fine wrinkles, laugh lines till deep wrinkles) and brings energy and elasticity to fading skin, rejuvenating it. Pea’s proteins The proteins are segregated from pea and then after refining process and enzymatic treatment liposome initiate a reaction on peptides of small molecular size what improves stem cell activity. Vitamin Sodium hyaluronate Protects skin and keeps it smooth and healthy; Keeps skin moisturized all day; controls the moisture level richly. 20. NEWE TIME LOCK SERUM 40 ml Fast absorbing serum, which deeply fills skin with elasticity, removes different types of wrinkles and makes skin resilient and fresh. NEWE TIME LOCK CREAM 50 g Cream consist of enrich various nutritions which get absorbed by skin fast and prevent dryness. Product also protects skin from outside damages and makes it look healthy and calm. NEWE TIME LOCK CREAM 20 ml Protects sensitive skin near eye zone gently, provides it with moist and nutritions, prevents eye wrinkles and makes skin at eye zone look resilient. NEWE TIME LOCK PREMIUM BB CREAM SPF 40PA++, WRINKLES, LIGHTENING 3 PHASE EFFECT 40 ml Due to high level of ultraviolet protection SPF 40 PA++, lightening effect and wrinkles remove effect 3 phase effect BB cream regenerates damaged skin, keeps skin moisture, healthy and beautiful for a long time. 21. Gold Therapy _whitening ;amp; anti-ageing ‘’ 99% pure gold, EGF, caviar, peptides –skin becomes a masterpiece† Gold therapy Gold – 99. 9% pure gold Arbutin Adenosine – adenosine, anti-wrinkles components, arbutin; lightening effect proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Caviar – caviar extract 22. Pure gold component Gold is known around the world as an absolutely harmful component makes skin bright and fresh. It removes endotoxins and skin waste products, prevents different skin troubles and rejuvenates skin deeply. Caviar Caviar is well-known as one of the top 3 world delicacies. Its extract richly brings nutritions to skin, provides it with elasticity and keeps soft and beautiful. Arbutin Adenosine Lightening effect proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. As anti-wrinkles components Arbutin and Adenosine relieve skin pigmentation, makes skin clean and smooth, remove all types of wrinkles and provides skin with energy and elasticity. 23. Gold Therapy _ whitening ;amp; anti-ageing NEWE GOLD THERAPY SERUM 40 ml Comprising components of gold gel-type serum gets absorbed quickly even by deep parts of derma, has a lightening effect and makes skin more shiny and bright. NEWE GOLD THERAPY CREAM 50 g 2 phase fast absorbed anti-wrinkles cream, which provides skin with nutritions and moist, making it smooth, soft and beautiful.

Corporate Finance Law Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Finance Law - Personal Statement Example It is this reason that led me to pick my thesis proposal title as; ‘Critically evaluate the way in which Islamic financial institutions have looked to develop their corporate governance in comparison with the western world, particularly the UK and the US, in the wake of the global economic crisis with a view to enhancing their position within the global economy.’ I believe that my Masters research, which I successfully undertook in your esteemed institution with my dissertation topic being ‘Can Islamic Finance Provide Sufficient Legal Guarantees for Conventional Western Investors?’ has prepared me in seeking a career towards International banking law. I have since developed a passion for research in corporate governance in international financial institutions and would like to adopt a career path in this field. Although my key strengths lie in this field, I strongly believe that the program will enable me develop expertise on not only my field, but on other related fields, for example, regulating banking practices. Earning a PhD in your esteemed organization would aid me to further my skills and ultimately act as the springboard of my career. I hope the admissions committee finds my strengths and background satisfactory for admittance into the Westminster University for a PhD

Quantile Hedging Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Quantile Hedging - Dissertation Example As the report dceclares investors, security analysts, investment bankers, portfolio managers, bond-rating agencies, and corporate financial analysts are concerned about the insecurity of the returns on their investments. To minimize the risks of losing in the financial market, hedginga is done by these market traders. Hedging is a method to protect one's investments. Financial derivative instruments made hedging of these risks possible. Hedgers can sell the risks to speculators, or buyers of risks, but only when these risks show some form of stability. According to the report findings when the price of the securities increases, the trader gains profit from the main securities bought, but exhibits loss on the securities that were sold short. On the other hand, when the industry declines, the trader will earn from the short sold securities and lose from the long ones. Thus, hedging also brings risk when the securities appreciate in value. But the possible loss is not as much as when hedging is not done. The classic practice evolved into more sophisticated means as new mathematical tools or models are introduced. All types of hedging techniques generally involve distribution between the actual market value and theoretical value, and aim to gain profits when these values converge. Common types of hedging are applied in insurance, credit risks, foreign exchange and equities. An option is a contract which gives the holder the right to buy or sell stocks or securities either at a given price or a specified period of time but without any o bligation. These assets are called derivatives because their value is derived from another investment's worth. Call options give the holder the right to buy the securities while put options give the holder the right to sell. Option pricing strategies can be traced back in history since about 1877 when a book entitled "The Theory of Options in Stocks and Shares" was written by Charles Castelli. He presented in his book the speculation and hedging aspects of options but there was no significant theoretical base. There were several more dissertations done since then that presented the analytical valuation of options and pricing models (Rubash, n.d., p.3). The modern option pricing models being used now were based on these dissertations done decades ago. These option pricing models common to traders and analysts now are the Bachelier model, Black-Scholes model, Merton model, and the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model or the Binomial Option Price model. Detailed discussions of

An In-depth Analysis on the Influence of Open Source System Essay - 1

An In-depth Analysis on the Influence of Open Source System Penetration Tools on Cyber-crime - Essay Example These attacks could pinpoint the vulnerable areas, and could also aid in mitigating them. Organisations from various sectors are incorporating solutions these tools to develop foolproof protection system. Many reputable industry standards are also prescribing penetration testing as one of the key security exercise. Still, there is scepticism regarding genuineness of this process, as there are chances of agencies or individual testers turning negative and compromising organisations’ critical assets. To prevent such eventualities, there are adequate legal provisions; in addition organisations and security consultants need to come up with protocols or steps, which ensure secure and safe testing. Any organisation, irrespective of the ‘domains’ they are placed in, will be vulnerable to cyber attacks, especially the ones which are maximally dependent on Information technology. These organisations will be threatened by individuals with apt technical knowledge and other inside information. Their intentions may vary from wrecking the organisation to stealing critical assets. When this type of cyber crime occurs, the organisation could suffer heavy financial losses and more than that could have doubtful future, as its key assets will be compromised aiding its competitors. Disgruntled employees or employees with ‘spying role’ could wreck the organisation by altering or breaking down the IT infrastructure, and also by bringing in IT tools from outside to disable it. Apart from those employees, external ‘elements’ in the form of hackers, cyber thieves, competitors’ aids, etc, could intrude or cyber attack the organisation. To actualize a foolproof protection system, organisations has to find out the loopholes or the vulnerable areas in its IT infrastructure. Because, once the weak points are identified, organisations will become

Appeal letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Appeal letter - Essay Example During that time, I had a second course, which I was to attend, running concurrently with this one, and this presented me with a conflict of interest. I consulted as to whether to attend the first course or leave it and attend the second course. My instructor advised me to stay with the first course; also, he mentioned that it was not necessary for me to complete the whole book. However, afterwards, when I turned in my first paper after reading the book halfway, I got a D. I just had only one night to rewrite the work. My instructor sent the comment of my first paper to an email that I rarely used, it was not the IU mail. I had to rewrite the first paper, as well as, complete the new second paper in a very short time and in a tense mood. My stress levels were elevated since I had other assignments, and he had set a tight deadline for me to revise the paper. I worked the whole night in order to finish the assignments; the stress that I experienced must have made me to include direct quotes from the book or I thought that I could cite later. This is also, why I was so sure that I had provided the correct citations, at the end of the paper. My instructor put a lot of effort in looking for mistakes in my first and second paper, and he did not get anything to prove. If he was not discriminating me as a Chinese student, why was he spending a lot of time looking for mistakes instead of grading? I can say it is because, he did not believe Chinese students could write well. Without having any other material to prove that I plagiarized in my first paper and second paper, he said to me that he already changed the grade to F. In addition, my second paper was D+ at first. For that reason, I thought it would be meaningless to complete my third paper since this course only graded three papers and there was no exam. I had never missed any classes

The Rationality of the American Voter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rationality of the American Voter - Essay Example Can charisma alone be enough to win an election when faced with a public that is generally ignorant of the political process and the important issues at stake By improving the education of the voter, we can elevate the level of leadership in politics. In the absence of information, a candidate's charm, likeability, and charisma all contribute to an image that the voter seizes upon to make their electoral decision. A candidate's ability to project an image of almost super-human proportions resonates well with a public that is caught in times of crisis. Wars, a bad economy, depreciating social structures, and cultural turmoil all play into the hand of the charismatic leader as voters look for relief from their hardships and despair (Bass & Riggio, 2006, p.64). During these periods of political upheaval, voters are less interested in the issues and more interested in salvation from the looming dire situation. Candidates will take this opportunity to exploit the current situation or negatively characterize the opponent's alternatives. The 1992 election saw a charismatic Bill Clinton defeat the incumbent George Bush. Bush was characterized as a 'wimp' and Clinton was able to capitalize on his charming appeal with the slogan 'it's the economy stupid'. Had there been a booming economy, the American voter would have been more reluctant to change and would have been more likely to stay with the stabil ity of the sitting president (Alvarez & Nagler, 1998, p.1362). In addition, Clinton was able to portray the economy in bleaker terms than the voter understood. The slight economic downturn of 1992 was enough to create an opportunity for a charismatic candidate. The education of the voter, as portrayed by the candidate, was less important than the situation that they were caught up in. When voters are ignorant on the issues, under-informed, and generally politically naive about the electoral process, charisma can be an overriding factor. Media outlets that have a political agenda that they promote often influence voters, but offer limited information. Talk shows, pundits, radio talk show hosts, and pop culture all contribute to an air of confusion and irrationality for the average citizen. It is more likely the case that a voter loyal to a party will may make a decision based on who informed them rather than if they were informed. Therefore, the effect of charisma on the voter will be most heavily felt among the independents that will ultimately decide the election. According to Silva and Costa (2006), "rational ignorance is not to explain the behavior of the entire population of voters, but rather only that of swing voters" (p.39). Widely known figures will emphasize their accomplishments and record, but a relatively unknown challenger may have to rely on image an d charisma (Miller, 1990, p.530). Silva and Costa conclude that, "factors like the candidate's image and charisma may dominate a rigorous evaluation of his performance" (p.40). Often, uneducated voters cannot delineate between the truth and the fiction in political campaign ads. In today's climate of ideologues, characterizations, and partisanship, charisma can be a deciding factor in a close election. To rely on charisma alone to carry a candidate to victory is dependent upon a voting public, particularly the independent middle, which is

Compare and contrast these speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and contrast these speech - Essay Example Both the speakers know what points of the other they can counter and take those up first. They want to make an impression on the listeners to gain votes but their content is up-to-date and thorough. The style is simple, but the pauses between speeches make the speech more effective. The tone of voice varies in accordance to the importance of the point and the importance that the speaker wants to give the point. Nixon last few sentences literally rattle the people because it makes them fell that it is eventually up to them to help the country. Those last words leave a lasting impression on the people who have heard the speech. This speech is more ethical because they do not interrupt each other and do not make personal attacks. In the debate between Edwards, Obama and Clinton, speech ethics are lacking. They both are trying to make personal attacks and interrupted each other. Although, it is not their turn to speak in the debate, they interrupt the speaker just to justify themselves. Content is not focused towards the issue of helping the American people and what they would do to make further amendments. The debate is over things that have already happened and who has raised how much money for their campaign. They are, as I said earlier making personal attacks rather than just political ones. Competence of speech is not lacking in both speeches. All these five people are very good speakers and can have the effect that they want on people. Style is aggressive for Obama while defensive for Hilary. They stress upon the right words to get the effect they want and their nonverbal cues are in accordance with their verbal cues. In my opinion these debates have moved away from the people of America to the personal issues of the candidates who are standing up for the elections. The way the Nixon and Kennedy debate took place, with poise from both candidates and their

Different Aspects of Evidence Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Different Aspects of Evidence Law - Case Study Example Usually evidence of some struggle or resistance by the complainant maybe the best proof of lack of consent but this is not always necessary. It will be recalled in the case D.P.P. v Morgan3 the House of Lords held that if an accused person believed that the woman was consenting he should not be guilty of rape even though he had no reasonable grounds for his belief. The mental element of rape is intention to have sexual intercourse without the woman's consent or not. The sexual offences (Amendment) Act 1976 amended the law relating to rape in England by providing that a man commits rape if he has sexual intercourse with a woman who does not consent to it; and at the time he knows that she does not consent to it or he is reckless as to whether she consents to it. The amendment in effect confirmss the decision in D.P.P. v Morgan. A similar case was reported in Jamieson v HMA4 This Scottish criminal case decided by the High Court of Justiciary on appeal held that a man does not commit rape where he honestly, albeit unreasonably, believes his victim is consenting. For the facts of the case: Phil raped Jill in a lane close to the house that Jill shares with her mother, Bunty, and her two sisters, Joleen and Shula. Bunty was still up when Jill returned home on the night of the alleged rape, but Jill said nothing about it. She did not mention it to her mother or sisters the next morning, but told Joleen about it two days after the alleged incident. Whatever reason made her to report an incidence, as rape 2 days after it occurred is very suspicious. Rape, as stated earlier is a criminal offence punishable by life imprisonment. Not telling of the incident the moment it happened could mean that she was not raped on that night. It could be that she finds Phil as the most culpable person to put a rape charge on when she was raped two days after having sex with Phil. The doctrine of break in chain of causation could be applied here. Lord Hoffman in Environment Agency v. Empress Car Company Ltd5 had spelt out the test of causation: whether the intervening act was an "ordinary" occurrence, which would not be a novus actus, or something "extraordinary". In this case Jill is claiming to have been raped by Phil and did not report the rape to her mother on the night neither did she scream for help from passersby. The delay in reporting the issue of rape can cause for the doctrine of break in chain of causation to be applied. The period bet ween when she alleged the offence to have been committed and the period of reporting it is so long that any thing could have happened within that period. This makes her claim of being raped by Phil very questionable. Phil and Jill have a one-year

Evolution and growth of Mutual Fund in India Essay

Evolution and growth of Mutual Fund in India - Essay Example As a result, the popularity of the mutual funds is limited to big towns and cities i.e. the places outside the metropolitan area are yet to be fully tapped by the industry. A significant portion of the country’s population lives in these areas. It is important that the mutual funds target this section of investors if it has to raise the profitability margins. This can help the industry to penetrate into the unexploited markets in the country. If the industry can reach out to the wider audience then this give a significant boost to the growth and development of the mutual funds in the country. On the other hand Indian mutual fund segment has largely been product led-and not sufficiently customer focused with limited focus being accorded by players to innovation and new product development. Further there is limited flexibility in fees and pricing structures as reported by interviewees in our study in 2009. It is important that if the funds desire to achieve a robust growth they should design their policies as per the needs of the customer. The diversified population of the country comprising of the retired individuals, high income groups, middle income groups, etc make it necessary to have the funds as per the requirements of the related group. For example the investment objective of a retired individual is not the same as that of the high income group. The former requires a regular flow of cash and is happy with stable returns while the latter is risk averse and desires high returns by taking high risks. By designing the funds as per the investment needs of the investors the industry can cater to the various sections of the society. This will make it popular across all the income classes. Mutual funds are investment schemes that are managed by professional experts. These financial instruments have become extremely popular on account of some inbuilt advantages. Initially investment in high value stocks

Imitation Plato and Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Imitation Plato and Aristotle Essay Introduction Plato and Aristotle are two famous literary critics in ancient Greece. Aristotle is Plato’s student. They all agree that art is a form of imitation. However, their attitudes towards imitation are profoundly different. Plato claims that poetry is worthless and bad because it is mere imitation and may have bad influence on human beings. Instead, though Aristotle admits that poetry is imitation, he thinks that it is all right and even good. He also explains that imitation of life should be valued rather than discounted (â€Å"Plato and Aristotle†). This paper is to discuss the different understandings of Plato and Aristotle on imitation. Imitation of Plato Plato thinks that poetry is a form of imitation. However, he is deeply suspicious of the arts because, in his view, they appeal to the emotions rather than to the intellect (Michael). He thinks that this imitation is far removed from the reality and it is only a â€Å"game†. As a result, it is worthless and bad. He also claims that imitation in tragedy can have a bad influence on human beings. As he says in The Republic, a good imitation can undermine the stability of even the best humans by making us feel sad, depressed, and sorrowful about life itself. Firstly, Plato claims that an imitation is at three steps removed from the reality or truth of something (â€Å"Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation†). In Plato’s opinion, knowledge of truth and knowledge of good are virtually inseparable. If there is no truth, there is no good too. As a result, he counsels rejection of the physical in favor of embracing reason in an abstract, intellectual, and ultimately more human, existence (Stephen). Plato thinks that the world of appearance does not really represent the reality because in his opinion, it is the forms which can only represent the essence of the world. The tangible world is imperfect because there are many kinds of appearance but there is only one thing that is true—idea. As a result, art widens the gap between truth and the world of appearances (Stephen). We can see that from his book The Republic. In Book X of The Republic, Plato’s prolocutor Socrates says that there are plenty of tables and beds in the world, but there are only two ideas or forms of them—one of a bed and the other of a table. He also says that the makers of the table and the bed make them for our use according to the ideas, but no artificer can make the ideas themselves. Worse still, painters draw a bed or a table according to the ones made by the artificers. As a result, Socrates concludes that imitative art is at three steps far removed from authentic reality (Michael). There is a sentence that can well show Plato opinion, â€Å"the tangible fruit of any human labor is an indistinct expression of truth (Plato, Book X). From this sentence, we can see that in Plato’s opinion, art as an imitation is irrelevant to what is real. Secondly, Plato also thinks that artists offer nothing important and meaningful in their imitation. As a result, he concludes that imitation is only a kind of â€Å"game†. Here is the good evidence, in The Republic; Socrates concludes that imitation is a kind of game and not something to be taken seriously. He explains that such imitation is disengaged from the realm of knowledge and truth-testing entirely, constituting an autonomous, arbitrary game onto itself (Bo). Plato thinks that imitation is a game because it engages only the appearance rather than the truth. He mentions in his book The Republic that imitation is far removed from the truth, for it touches only a small part of each thing and a part that is itself only an image. And that, it seems, is why it can produce everything. He uses the painter as an example. He says that the painter is not the maker of things, but the imitator of which others have made. Thirdly, Plato claims that a good imitation can undermine the stability of even the best humans by making us feel sad, depressed, and sorrowful about life itself (â€Å"Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation†). In Plato’s opinion, imitation may pose a challenge to philosophy and even can have a bad influence on people because imitation can be false, and false imitation can mislead people. No matter art is perfect in its imitative process or art is flawed, it is not only worthless, but also a challenge to truth in general (Stephen). In The Republic, Plato writes that The power which poetry has of harming the good (and there are very few who are not harmed) is surely an awful thing. Here, we can see that he suggests that art is a potential danger to society. As a result, Plato’s critique of art  as imitation is linked to a negative appraisal of its social utility: Art is dangerous, for its appeal to the irrational distracts us from the legitimate claims of reason (Bo). As it was mentioned above, we can see that Plato admits that art is imitation. However, he is deeply suspicious of the arts because he thinks that firstly, an imitation is removed from the reality or truth of something; secondly, it offers nothing important and meaningful; thirdly, imitation can have a bad influence on human beings. As a result, he concludes that imitation is worthless and even bad. Imitation of Aristotle Aristotle is Plato’s student. However, he holds a very different attitude towards imitation. Aristotle also admits that art is imitation, but according to him, this kind of imitation is all right and even good. He explains that firstly, imitation is a creative process of selection, translation, and transformation from one media to another (Stephen). Secondly, tragedy can be a form of education that provides moral insight and fosters emotional growth and a successful tragedy even produces a catharsis in the audience (Michael). Thirdly, he also thought that imitation is natural to humans from childhood (â€Å"Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation†). Firstly, in Aristotle’s opinion, imitation is a creative process of selection, translation, and transformation from one media to another. Plato claims that imitation is far removed from the truth or is only a small part of truth. However, Aristotle thinks that imitation can reflect the truth in a better way because it is a creative process. According to Aristotle, the world exists in an infinitely diverse series of parts; human beings can have a good knowledge about these parts by observation and scrutiny (Stephen). As a result, different from Plato’s opinion that artists offer nothing important and meaningful in their imitation, Aristotle concludes that artists are makers, selecting certain details, excluding others, giving a work its particular shape, not a deceitful scribe (Stephen). Here, we can see that according to Aristotle, imitation is a distillation of universal truths from contingent, merely and particular facts rather than an arbitrary game because to submit something to literary imitation is not in the least to attempt to be true to its  appearance, although it is an attempt to be true to its truth (Bo). Secondly, to Aristotle, imitation such as tragedy can be a form of education that provides moral insight and fosters emotional growth and a successful tragedy even produces a catharsis in the audience. According to Plato, imitation can be a danger to the society because imitation can be false and false imitation can mislead people. However, to Aristotle, imitation such as tragedy can be a form of education that provides moral insight and fosters emotional growth (â€Å"Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation†). Aristotle even characterizes tragedy as effecting the catharsis of pity and fear† in his Poetics because with tragedy as the catalyst, people will develop their knowledge of good. As a result, we can see that Aristotle treats imitation as an ethical endeavor rather than a danger to the society (Stephen). Thirdly, Aristotle also thought that imitation is natural to humans from childhood and imitation makes human beings different from other living creatures. We can find the evidence in his Poetics. In this book, he mentions that the instinct of imitation is implanted in man from childhood, one difference between him and other animals being is that he is the most imitative of living creatures, and through imitation learns his earliest lesson. From his description, we can see that in Aristotle’s opinion, human beings begin imitating as early as when they are children. Imitation not only enables human beings to gain knowledge about the world, but also makes human beings a distinctive creature. As it was mentioned above, we can see that Aristotle holds a very different attitude towards imitation from Plato’s. According to Aristotle, imitation is a creative process and a form of moral education. It is also natural to humans from childhood and imitation makes human beings different from other living creatures. As a result, he concludes that imitation is all right and even good. It should also be valued rather than discounted Conclusion Though both Plato and Aristotle are two famous literary critics in ancient Greece almost at the same time and they all admit that art is a form of imitation, their attitudes towards imitation are very different. Plato claims that poetry is worthless and bad because firstly, it is far removed from the truth or idea; secondly, it is mere imitation and just a â€Å"game†; thirdly, it can have a bad influence on people; however, Aristotle thinks that imitation is all right and even good because firstly, imitation is a creative process; secondly, it is a form of moral education; thirdly, It is natural to humans from childhood. Works Cited Aristotle. Poetics. 11 November, 2007. . Bo Earle. â€Å"Plato, Aristotle, and the imitation of reason. † Philosophy and Literature. October, 2003: 382. Michael Moor. An introduction to Plato and Aristotle and their significance to the performing arts. 6 October, 2007. http://web. ukonline. co. uk/michaelmoor/an_introduction_toplato_andari. htm Plato and Aristotle. 25 October, 2005. . Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation (Mimesis). 8 November, 2007. . Plato. Republic. Peking: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1999. Stephen Conway. Plato, Aristotle, and Mimesis. 8 November, 2007. .

Approaches to the Study of Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Approaches to the Study of Political Philosophy Essay Approaches to the Study of Political Philosophy Problems and Challenges of Interpretation *Notes compiled from David Boucher Paul Kelly’s ‘Introduction’ in Political Thinkers: From Socrates to the Present, and Terence Ball’s ‘History and the Interpretation of Texts’* Political thought is thought about the State, its structure, nature and purpose. It is concerned with the moral elements of human behaviour in a society. Differentiating between the purpose of political life and life itself is difficult as it involves considerations of the conceptions of right and wrong, which differ from person to person and time to time. Political thinkers/philosophers have attempted to explain institutions practices, advise rulers, defend certain values or principles, and criticized the existing world around them. They have focused broadly on the character of society or people and narrowly on institutions of government, law making the exercise of coercive power. At the most general level, political thought converges with present understandings of ethics moral philosophy as well as sociology and theological disciplines. The sheer variety of plurality of styles, approaches, and presuppositions has made political thought an exciting intellectual pursuit. Approaches to theorizing politics differ, and so do accounts of how and why political thought should continue to be studied. When studying political philosophy and the texts of the various historic philosophers, different factors tend to influence one’s understanding. Broadly, there is a text and a context to the text, and the study of classical political philosophy should ideally take into account both, in order to fully understand various nuances of every thinker. Philosophical Considerations: Political philosophy first began to emerge in histories of philosophy and general literature. By the 19th century, philosophical idealism was taking precedence and emphasis was on the coherence theory of truth. Under this view, the history of political thought was largely seen as a precursor to formulating one’s own philosophy. Viewing the history of political thought as a stimulus to philosophy was not confined to idealists though, and most recent and distinguished exponents of this view include Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin. In essence this approach focused on the text and emphasised the timelessness of the ideas put forth therein. Political Thought as History: This view concerned itself with the issue of what properly constituted a historical study. Cambridge School of the 1960s and after, whose principal exponents were J. G. A Pocock and Quentin Skinner, argued for the disciplinary integrity of the historical study of political thought. This view, largely contextual in nature, stresses â€Å"the historicity of the history of political theory and of intellectual history more generally†, in the words of Skinner. For Pocock it was the historian, not the philosopher, who was the guardian of the truth. The text of historic philosophers is thus understood in context of its historical time. Both Skinner and Pocock posit a linguistic context as the appropriate unit of analysis that elicit the types of meaning that the historian makes intelligible. Political Thought and the Claims of Science: There was a demand for the discipline to conform to scientific modes of explanation. History for its own sake was viewed as a mere collection of facts and these facts needed to be subjected to scientific considerations in order for them to be considered credible. Frederick Pollock attributed ‘patient analysis and unbiased research’ as core signs of scientific analysis, according to which Machiavelli can be considered the greatest contributor to the dispassionate scientific study of politics. This view largely emphasised the objectivity of the inquirer and the need to formulate generalizations that might be of use to a political scientist. Political Thought and Practice: It is considered difficult, even undesirable, to separate practical from philosophical considerations. Political questions are intensely practical and political opinions potentially divisive and emotive. This view focused on importance of bridging the divide between theory and practice and maintained that the study of the past must have practical value for the present; trying to establish the possibility of normative political theory. According to R. G. Collingwood, theory and practice overlap, and all philosophical problems arise from practical problems, and their solutions return to practice. This view embodies the recognition that first order political theorizing cannot emerge from nowhere, but is a constructive enterprise which involves building, expanding and developing the vocabularies that are inherent in great political texts. The Straussians have vociferously advocated the importance of classical authors and their texts, and contended that it is our duty to take their claims to truth seriously. However, one does not have to be Straussian to defend the value of studying the value of classical texts. Even defenders of disinterested historical inquiry under the heading of the Cambridge School do not avoid drawing substantive, albeit negative, lessons from the contemplations of classical thinkers. Political philosophers can be classified in different ways with respect to their opinions or beliefs on such concepts as that of the State and its importance, or of the nature of humans. Conceptions of the State and why men obey it are largely of two types: 1. Organic State: The idea that the State is and organism of which men themselves are parts. This means that the state is larger than the men who make it; it is real and they are merely abstractions. This idea was brought forth by the Greeks, and the Stoics applied it to humanity as a whole. Consequently, it was taken over by Christianity and reigned supreme throughout the Middle Ages, until it was finally challenged at the time of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. This led to the second conception. 2. Mechanic State: The idea that the state is a machine which men create for their own purposes. Men are real; the state is merely a device. This view held its own throughout the Enlightenment of the 18th century. Subsequently, both the conceptions were generally accepted at different periods in history, one or the other assuming prime importance at some time. A further classification allots political thinkers to three different traditions: 1. Rational-Natural Tradition: Society and the state can only be understood when related to an absolute standard, which exists in nature and is thus outside human control. 2. Will and Artifice: Society and the state are artificial and not natural and that not the Reason but the Will of man is required to produce the State. Man’s Will has the power to alter society. 3. Historical Coherence: Rejects both the previous traditions as defective. Attempts to fuse Reason and Will, emphasises the importance of historical growth and denies that absolute standards exist. Believers of the Mechanic State belong to the Will and Artifice tradition, while those who believe in an Organic State can be from either Rational-Natural or Historical Coherence traditions. Perennial Problems: Students of political thought are aware of the variety of attitudes one may adopt towards the past and the study of classical texts. The so called New Historians pressed the claims of history as an autonomous discipline distinct from the philosophical character of its subject matter. George Sabine epitomized the basic assumption involved in positing the existence of perennial problems by reiterating that ‘political problems and situations are more or less alike from time to time and from place to place’. Quentin Skinner maintained that understanding the arguments of the political philosophers entailed reconstructing the language context in which they were formulated. He associated the idea of perenniality and timelessness with what he called the ‘textual’ approach. He argued that to concede that the ‘social context is a necessary condition for an understanding of the classic texts’ constitutes a denial that they ‘contain any elements of timelessness or perennial interest’. Most historians however, did not distinguish between textualist and contextualist interpretation. In fact, many argued that the social context help provide a clearer understanding of the meaning of a text. Despite differences of emphasis, most historians of political thought tend to agree that history is self-knowledge of the mind (Collingwood). Skinner also held the view that studying how past thinkers have dealt with political concepts could enable us to see our way round seemingly intractable conceptual problems in the present. The Art of Interpretation Hermeneutics The study of political thought or theory, involves out of necessity, attempts to understand messages or ideas sent to us by thinkers who are long dead, and whose works we read and reread in order to derive their meaning. Thus political theory can be called a backward – looking enterprise. Interpretation of the works of the likes of Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli to Mill, becomes a necessary process for the meaning seeking creatures that we are. Naturally, therefore, there exist a number of ‘schools’ of interpretation, the chief tenets of which will be highlighted further, and so will the interpretive controversies between and among them. It should however be made clear that not all interpretations are equally valid or valuable and that they are rationally criticisable. The vocation of political theory is in large part defined by its attention to the ‘classic works’. These authors and their works comprise an important aspect of our political tradition, which we renew and enrich by reading, reflecting upon and criticizing these classic works, the concepts, and context of which are largely unfamiliar to our modern understanding. A good interpretation is one that diminishes the strangeness of the text, making it more familiar and accessible. There is no neutral standpoint from which to interpret any text, the vantage point can differ. This can be seen through the following ‘Schools’ of Interpretation. 1. Marxian Interpretation: According to Marx, â€Å"the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas†, i. e. the dominant or mainstream ideas of any era, are those that serve the interests of the dominant class, thereby legitimizing its position of power in society. For example, slavery is portrayed as normal by Aristotle, who belonged to the slave owning society of Greece, where slavery was the norm, while in capitalist societies, free market is portrayed by mainstream media to be the best form of economic organization. Thus, for Marx, the point and purpose of any ideology is to lend legitimacy to the rule of the dominant class or social order; they serve as smoke screens, hiding the underlying reality from the public and presenting a superficial false picture of a just society. For a Marxist, the task of textual interpretation is to uncover this obscured reality and expose the illusion of that epoch. This approach is sometimes known as ‘the hermeneutics of suspicion’. It is a highly cynical approach that undermines the importance of ideologies. It takes no statement at face value, and performs the function of ‘ideology critique’ focusing on delving deeper to expose realities. An example of such an interpretation is Macpherson’s critique of Locke’s justification for private property, making him out to be a propagandist for the emerging capitalist order at the time. The Marxian approach encounters certain difficulties: According to the Marxist assumption that ruling ideas serve the ruling class, this should hold true even for Marx himself, as he was not part of the working class that he championed. By his own argument, his ideas should then be serving the interests of the ruling capitalist class, not the labouring proletariat. How their own theorizing is exempted from being interpreted as an ideological mask as opposed to all other ideologies is not explained. This approach gives the interpreter a pre-existing notion that he/she will find ideological trickery, which hampers pragmatic interpretation free from bias. 2. Totalitarian Interpretation: Rice of fascism and communism in the 20th century marked an era of the prominence of totalitarian regimes. The totalitarian school of textual interpretation anchors these ideologies to the thinking of early political theorists, going as far back as Plato, iterating that when their theories were put into modern practice, they produced Hitler and Stalin. Once one tries to attribute pro-totalitarian tendencies, they seem to be everywhere. Plato’s perfect republic ruled by a philosopher king who employs censorship and ‘noble lies’ becomes a blueprint for a Nazi regime ruled by an all knowing Fuhrer. The same might be said about Machiavelli’s ruthless Prince and Rousseau’s all-wise Legislator in The Social Contract. Sir Karl Popper was among the most prominent representatives of the totalitarian approach. His The Open Society and Its Enemies traces the roots of modern totalitarianism to the ideas advance by the ‘enemies’ of ‘the open society’ from Plato through to Marx. However, such interpretations of classic texts suffer from misreading of meanings, without placing the statements in their proper context. Further, an interpreter who stitches together statements taken out of their textual and linguistic context, in order to prove his pre-set idea of an underlying totalitarian theme, does not do justice to either the text or to himself. 3. Psychoanalytic (Freudian) Interpretation: This approach is based on Sigmund Freud’s famous argument that our actions are often motivated by our wishes, desires or fears of which we are not consciously aware. These interpretations (like the Marxian ones) also fall under the hermeneutics of suspicion. One can supply psychoanalytical interpretations of all sorts of texts, including those in political theory. This has been done in the case of Machiavelli, Edmund Burke, Mahatama Gandhi and J. S. Mill among others. Bruce Mazlish’s psychoanalytic interpretation of themes in the work of John Stuart Mill is an important example. In Mill’s On Liberty, he argues in favour of a very wide sphere of personal freedom to live one’s life as one wishes, without undue interference from others. As Mill’s autobiography tells us, he had a much regimented upbringing by his stern Scots father James Mill, which took its toll on young John who suffered from a mental breakdown at the age of 20, from which he recovered slowly and in part by reading the romantic poetry of Coleridge and Wordsworth. Subsequently, J. S. Mill ceased to be his father’s intellectual clone and became a thinker of his own, more prolific and famous than his father. Now Mazlish interprets On Liberty less as a work of liberal political theory, and more as a declaration of personal independence that is more autobiographical than analytical. According to the Freudian theory, Mazlish suggests that Mill was locked in an oedipal struggle with his father, whom he ultimately defeated in argument. While this may seem at the onset a rather suggestive and maybe insightful interpretation, such interpretations face stiff evidentiary challenges. This school faces criticisms of being too speculative, impressionistic and non-falsifiable. They are said to mistake coincidences for causes. 4. Feminist Interpretation: A feminist perspective puts gender issues at the forefront, and has had a lasting impact on the way we study and interpret works. It introduces a strong sense of scepticism into the study of ‘classic’ works. According to Susan Okin, ‘the great tradition of political philosophy consists, generally speaking, of writings by men, for men, and about men’. The feminist perspective highlights the extent to which civic and legal status of women was long considered a subject unworthy of theoretical treatment. This approach began in the 1960s, when women were looking for a history that connected present struggles with previous ones largely neglected by mostly male historians. Feminist historians of political though sought those who had championed the cause of women’s rights and related causes. Men like Friedrich Engels and J. S. Mill were placed in the feminist pantheon. Jeremy Bentham was honoured as ‘the father of feminism’. This transgender popular front was however, short lived. It turned out that the difference between outright misogynists like Aristotle and Rousseau and their more enlightened liberal brothers (above) was simply in matters of degree, not kind. By and large, male theorists marginalized women and placed them outside the public or civic sphere in which men move and act politically. In an angrier second phase, feminist scholars set out to expose and criticize the misogyny lurking in the works of Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Bentham, Mill and Marx among others. They dismissed public/private dichotomy and the concept of consent in liberal theory as a sham, the social contract as a ‘fraternal’ construct, and the modern welfare state as a covertly patriarchal institution. A third phase turned ostensibly civic virtues of men into vices and coined the term ‘maternal thinking’ to cover ‘nurturing’ women’s gently militant momism. However, this phase of valorisation of the private realm, found many critics, even feminists like Mary Dietz, who instead held out the prospect of an active engaged civic feminism. It turns out that feminists must try and engage in more nuanced textual analysis and historical interpretation. The Western political tradition is not reducible to a sinkhole of misogyny and other vices; it can, if understood properly, be a wellspring of political wisdom. 5. Straussian Interpretation: This view is of the followers of Leo Strauss, and they claim that a canon of works by Plato and other authors contains the Whole Truth about politics, one which is eternal, unchanging and accessible only to a fortunate few. Strauss was a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany, who detested modern liberalism and distrusted liberal democracy. He saw the history of modern Western liberal political thought as a story of degeneration and enfeeblement; modern liberalism was according to him a philosophy without foundations. Strauss announced, ‘the crisis of our time is a consequence of the crisis of political philosophy. ’ His and his disciples’ historical inquiries and textual interpretations attempted to trace the origins and diagnose the multiple maladies of liberalism, relativism, historicism and scientism that together contributed to ‘the crisis of our time’. He criticises liberal modern thinkers such as Hobbes/Locke for negating the ‘older’ concepts of Natural law and instead propagated concepts of self- interest and security. Of course, like every other approach to interpretation, Straussian’s have also faced their share of criticism, mainly on the ground that they rely on a supposed ‘insider’s knowledge’ for their interpretation, which remains an ambiguous concept. 6. Postmodernist Interpretation: This perspective arises out of ‘the postmodern condition’ of fragmentation and the failure of systematic philosophies or ‘grand metanarratives’ like Hegelianism or Marxism. Post-modernism is not a single unified perspective; nor is it a systematic philosophy shared by all postmodernists. The postmodern sensibility is not a single stable thing. There are two main versions of postmodernist interpretation: Foucauldian Approach, derived from Nietzsche and Foucault, which seeks to criticize the myriad ways in which human beings are ‘normalized’ or made into ‘subjects’. They portray the classic thinkers as villains promoting a surveillance state, and postmodernists like Nietzsche as heroes who dared to resist. Derrida’s version, where the aim of interpretation is to expose and criticize the arbitrary character of claims to truth or knowledge. A process that Derrida calls ‘deconstruction’. He argues that all attempts to ‘represent’ reality produce, not knowledge or truth, but only different ‘representations’. The main criticism against this school of interpretation is that it is constitutionally unable to distinguish truth from falsehood and propaganda from fact, which makes this perspective unsatisfactory from both epistemological as well as moral points of view. 7. Cambridge ‘New History’: Since the 1960s, the Cambridge ‘new historians’ have advanced a distinctive programme of historical research and textual interpretation. The likes of J. G. A. Pocock and Quentin Skinner provided deflationary critiques of traditional ‘textbook’ approaches to the interpretation of works of political theory. According to them, most of what had till then passed as the history of political theory has been insufficiently historical, i. e.concerned with the context situation in which earlier thinkers found themselves and the problems with which they dealt. They viewed works of political theory as forms of political action, with words that are intended to produce certain effects in the reader – to warn, persuade, criticize, frighten, encourage, console etc. Textual interpretation thus becomes largely a matter of restoring a text to the historical context in which it was composed and the questions to which it was offered as an answer. CONCLUSION – Pluralist Problem Driven Interpretation Terence Ball thereby concludes that no single method will suffice to answer all the questions we wish to ask of any work of political theory. Therefore, a plurality of approaches and methods is preferable to a more confining mono-methodology that restricts the range of questions we can ask and address. He also agrees with the Cambridge new historians about the importance of intellectual, political and linguistic contexts within which theorists write. His view further states that since our interpretive inquiries are largely problem driven, we are likely to be less interested in authors or contexts, than in particular problems that might arise as we attempt to understand the former. In sum, the historical study of political theory is a problem solving activity. It takes other interpretations as alternative solutions to a problem and goes on to assess their adequacy vis-a-vis each other. Therefore, the activity of rereading, reinterpretation, and reappraisal is an indispensable, rather defining, feature of this craft.

Britain And France Sought To Appease Hitler History Essay

Britain And France Sought To Appease Hitler History Essay Britain and France sought to appease Hitler not merely because it was militarily, economically and politically rational to do so, but because of personal judgments made by Chamberlain. The appeasement policy was a policy adopted by Britain and France and it was a major player in the outbreak of the war. Appeasement was first introduced in the mid 1930s by Stanley Baldwin who was then the British Prime Minister. But it was Neville Chamberlain who changed this appeasement policy when he ascended to power in 1937. The British government defines appeasement as the settlement of issues through negotiation and compromise. The British were very committed to this policy and they followed it confidently with the hope that it will reduce the chance of a world war. Neville Chamberlain was the greatest advocate and pursuer of the appeasement policy. He sought this appeasement so as to conciliate with Germany so as to have a stable Europe  [1]  . His personal view was that Germany would be satisfied with what he offered and especially the restoration of its former colonies. There are reasons that made Chamberlain seek appeasement with Hitler. One of them is that he represented the British citizens who did not want a war as they were in the process of healing the wounds from world war one. Also he did not want to go to war with Germany because the fall of Germany would mean the victory of the Soviet Union and the spread of communism therefore. Both he and the British citizens did not want this happening. So Chamberlain was trying as much as he can to avoid a war with Germany and at the same time the spread of communism. The appeasement policy that Chamberlain campaigned for was merely to avoid war. But it can also be seen as a strategy that he used in order to gain some time of rearming his forces. Though he really wanted to avoid the war, there came a time that he knew that war was in evitable. It was only after the failure of the negotiations between him and Hitler that he declared war against Germany  [2]  . Chamberlain felt that he had been betrayed by Hitler and that his appeasement policies were failing him. That is when he decided to take on a hard line approach towards the Nazi. Britain and France began rearming themselves. Italy on the other hard invaded Albania in April of 1939. It was Hitlers invasion of Poland that made these two countries declare war and Second World War officially began on 3rde September 1939. The Versailles Pact which had been signed after the First World War with an aim of ending all wars was greatly hated by the Germans  [3]  . It was signed by the four nations. It was argued that the treaty if it were to stand wound ruin the economic status of Germany. The Germans were not allowed to participate in the negotiations and the big three countries which participated each had its own personal goals. The Germans felt they were humiliated with the French feeling a sense of insecurity. The British championed for the reestablishment of world trade and they wanted nothing more while the Americans were to give up their principles and ideals of self determination especially on matters that concerned Germany. With all these issues in place, a disaster was inevitable  [4]  . This treaty is seen by some historians as the lead cause of the Second World War. The countries participating signed it for their own benefits without considering other countries in Europe. France wanted revenge to the Germans. Britain signed it just to prevent a war while America looked at the bigger picture of making more money  [5]  . Many Britons saw hope after the signing of this treaty. They wanted to avoid another war and that is why the British government had to give in to the demands presented by Hitler  [6]  . The British economy was fairing very badly hence Britain was not ready for a war. It was not even in a position to fund and rearm its military force due to the bad economic status. So Chamberlain tried as much as possible to avoid a war with Germany. The way Hitler was progressing meant that there was not even time for Britain to organize war strategies and prepare its force. So Chamberlain had to find a way of avoiding war and/or gaining sometime to rearm the military. The only solution present was appeasement  [7]  . Hitlers main aim was to make Germany as super power and a united Germany. He also wanted to enlarge the Germany territory through what he called recapturing of lost territories  [8]  . Hitler believed that German will become strong again only through the use of military aggression and war. He directly challenged the Versailles treaty in 1934 by rearming his armed forces and preparing them for war. This he did through production of tanks, submarines and aircrafts in huge masses. When it was announced that Hitler was rearming his military forces, which was in conflict with the Versailles pact, Britain and France protested to the League of Nations with the hope that it can be stopped  [9]  . The League of Nations did not try to stop these aggressive rearmament plans by Hitler on the grounds that there were no military or economic sanctions that had been imposed. It was due to the appeasement which made Hitler more confident. In short France and Britain simply turned a blind eye on this public breach of Versailles treaty. The Anglo-German Naval agreement that was signed in 1935 was the form of appeasement of the British towards this rearmament. This was because the agreement acknowledged that the rearmament of the German should be limited to only 35% of the fleet owned by the British. The agreement which was made by the British solely without the agreement from Italy and France became the first time that Britain agreed and approved a German contravention of the treaty of Versailles. It was after 1936 that Hitlers confidence of waging a war climaxed. This was because he had accumulated enough mercenaries of war and also had fully prepared his military force. He was confident that France and Britain as the appeasers would not stop him. He did this knowing very well that he was flouting the Versailles treaty. Rhineland was a strategic military position that could determine the fate of Germany. It was a point where by the French could use to invade and strike then heart of the Germanys power. It was due to this reality that Hitler ordered its reoccupation and remilitarization. This was an open breech of the treaty of Versailles but France and Britain just turned a blind eye. Hitlers aim of doing this was to stop any attack from France. The Rhineland could have been used by France to attack Germany. Remilitarizing it meant that Frances attack on Germany would be immediately repelled by the Germany forces. But they did not even try to stop him because he was taking back what belonged to Germany originally. At this stage, France could have stopped the reoccupation of the Rhine region but she did not want to start a war with Germany due to the lack of support from the British  [10]  . This made Hitler even more confident that he even saw an opportunity to challenge the balance of Europe po wer. The appeasers had no say about Rhineland because they argued it was a Germany territory and it could do whatever it wanted with it including having its military force there. Even though, Hitler had ordered his army to withdraw with immediate effect if the French intervened. But since there was no any intervention from the French he became more confident. Chamberlain thought that by allowing Hitler to take over the region that formally belonged to Germany, he would at least stop there. Hitler invaded Austria in 1938 and he declared Anschluss. In doing this he was breaking the Versailles treaty. The Australian chancellor at the time pleaded with France and Britain to help but these two countries did nothing about it. Chamberlain sent a protest note to Berlin  [11]  . he addressed the cabinet after Hitlers army crossed the border and he blamed both Germany and Austria. Even though, he condemned strongly the methods used by Hitler to annex Austria  [12]  . The annexation of Australia in 1938 was seen as a solution to the problems that faced the war oriented Germany economy. Hitler saw it as a perfect opportunity of fulfilling his goal of uniting all the Germans within the Reich. The Austrian Nazi staged demonstrations following orders given by Hitler and this proved a perfect opportunity for Hitler to send his troops to occupy Austria. The appeasers did nothing more after this than mere protests. The link up with Austria strengthened the friendship between Germany and Italy and it also gave Hitler a direct route to southeast Europe. Britain and France appeasements gave Hitler more confidence again to conquer Europe. After Austria, Czechoslovakia was next. Due to the success that he had achieved before, he demanded that Sudetenland be incorporated into the Third Reich because it was the most industrialized and wealthiest region in Czechoslovakia. And since the appeasers were afraid of a war break out, they pleaded on the president of Cz ech, Benes to come into as compromise with Hitler. It was with this regard that Chamberlain met Hitler in an attempt to resolve the issues. He met him three times on separate occasions. It was at Berchtesgaden, where Hitler promised Chamberlain that the case of Sudetenland would be self determined. But in Godesberg, Hitler changed his stand and he instead demanded the immediate incorporation of Sudetenland into the Third Reich. This demand made Chamberlain very angry and on his return to Britain he began organizing the army in prepared ness for war. Czechoslovakia president was forced to sign the agreement. Chamberlain and Hitler signed another agreement to imply that Britain and Germany would never be at war with each other again. The invasion of Czechoslovakia as a whole is what opened the eyes of the appeasers and they saw that no matter how much they tried to appease Hitler, war was inevitable. After giving in to all the demands made by Hitler and his continual invasion of Europ e, the appeasers realized that the appeasement policy was a failed policy. Hitler went on to invade Poland ignoring the ultimatum that he had been given by Britain and France to stop the invasion. It was after this that the appeasers declared war on Germany  [13]  . It was the 1938 crisis whereby the Sudeten Nazis started demonstrations and causing trouble led by Heinlein and under orders from Hitler which is seen as the true appeasement because Chamberlain intervened. Henlein demanded union of Sudeten with Germany. This was what led to the meeting at Berchtesgaden which was held on the 15th day of September. Here Hitler and chamberlain met and Hitler threatened to wage a war but he promised Chamberlain that it would be the last problem to be solved. Chamberlain saw Hitler as a man who can be trusted and in his intervention he persuaded the president of the republic of Czech to hand over Sudetenland to the Germans. In doing this, chamberlain thought that this was the last demand that Hitler would ask for. The Godesberg meeting between Hitler and Chamberlain took place in 22nd September 1938. Here Hitler asked for more demands which Chamberlain refused to offer. It was this mistrust which Chamberlain saw in Hitler that he knew that war was definitely inevitable. Chamberlain did not see Czechoslovakia as an issue that could result to war. He had simply assumed that it was just a conflict between two neighboring countries and that their conflict could not result to a world war The appeasement policy can be said to have climaxed in the Munich conference held in September 1938 where by Britain and France finally gave Hitler the go ahead to take over Sudetenland. This was a conference held in Germany to discuss the fate of Czechoslovakia amid the demands made by Hitler. The countries that were present were Italy, France, Germany and Britain Notably, Czechoslovakia was not present. The Munich pact was signed and this allowed Hitler to take over Sudetenland This was the center of Czechoslovakia as it was where most of its banks and border defenses were situated. By signing this pact, the European powers meant that Hitler was free to take over the whole of Czechoslovakia. By signing this pact, Chamberlain thought that Hitler would be finally satisfied and stop making more demands The agreement was proposed by Mussolini though it is claimed that it was prepared by the German foreign office. Czechoslovakia felt betrayed by France and Britain because it was informed to either accept the agreement or fight its more powerful neighbor all by its own  [14]  . The pact was signed on September 30th. When Chamberlain returned to London he gave his famous peace for our time speech. The crowd that had gathered in London was very delighted to hear that peace has finally been found and that there was no prospect for war  [15]  . The main reason why Britain and France embraced the appeasement policy was because they did not want the whole of Europe to be dragged into a world war by Hitler. It was a policy being persued due to the lessons learnt from world war one. Appeasement policy can be seen as a bad policy that was aimed at achieving world peace while sacrificing some countries like the way Britain and France did to try and appease Hitler at the mercies of Czechoslovakia. Germany was becoming stronger while the countries that were under its threat had no say. There was much tension in Europe as most countries feared the rate at which Germany was becoming strong.. The availability of more resources from the conquered countries strengthened the Germany economy and therefore it could sustain a war. Though the appeasement policy led to the strengthening of Germany, and the breakout of war, there are other reasons why France and Britain adopted this policy. These two countries were faced with economic problems in the 1930s. The British economy was severely weakened by the Wall Street crash of 1929 which made the government put the rearming of its armed forces on hold. Chamberlain wanted as much as possible to avoid war. That is why he adopted the appeasement policy. On the other hard, France was not in a position to maintain a war. It needed the support of Britain. It is because of this that it followed Britain in seeking the appeasement. This was because he wanted peace and stability that would allow economic growth for the whole of Europe. The Britons had a positive attitude towards the appeasement in the hope that it would reduce the chances of a war outbreak. Thus it can be concluded that appeasement was a British government policy that was fully supported by the citizens. Britain did not want a war between it and Germany. This was because it was threatened by communist USSR and not because it feared Germany. In case Germany fell, there was a possibility of spread of communism and Britain did not want this to happen. That is why it was in the favor of appeasement policy. Another fear that embraced Britain was forming a coalition with USSR which was its bitter rival. That is why Chamberlain desperately sought for appeasement at the mercies of other countries just to make sure that they did not join hands with USSR in a war against Germany  [16]  . The signing of the Munich agreement is viewed by many as a betrayal especially by Britain. What Chamberlain was doing is to buy some time to rearm British forces. Hitler on the other hand thought it as a weakness and a sign of fear of the appeasers  [17]  . This was a great mistake as all that the appeasers wanted was to preserve the world peace. This is what made him bold and gain confidence and a sen se of security. Therefore the blame for the outbreak of Second World War can only be largely placed on Hitler and not on the appeasers. This is with regard to Hitlers goals and determination to make Germany a super power and to do so; war was inevitable as he had severally claimed publicly. Hitler had managed to convince the appeasers that he had no any intentions of aggression through his peace propaganda. This had in a way fooled Britain and France who were not in favor of a war but wanted world peaceful coexistence. The appeasers continued to adopt the appeasement policy and this assured Hitler that they would do anything just to avoid a war. This made him think that he could continue to expand his demands and the appeasers would still continue to give in to them. It was this appeasement policy that gave Hitler a foundation and a base to increase the demands after every successful conquest that he achieved. Conclusion There are many opinions and views about the appeasement policy with some critics saying it was a betrayal and sacrifice of some nations for the benefit of others. Others say that it was Chamberlains strategy of buying time to rearm Britain. But from Chamberlains point of view, all that he wanted was to avoid another world war. It is not the appeasement policy that triggered the world war two but instead it was the greed of Hitler to enlarge the German territory and make Germany a superpower. The failure of the appeasement policy was because it was only Chamberlain who fulfilled his part of the bargain. He was convinced, on trying to appease Hitler that he (Hitler) was an honest trustworthy and honorable man which was a mistake and a misjudgment on his part.

Coming Full Circle in Anna Karenina Essay -- Literary Analysis

What happens when you cut yourself off from society, or are cut off by it? This is the main question that Leo Tolstoy explores in Anna Karenina. Isolated from society, Anna is destroyed by a conflict of wills. The desire of the individual is forced to give way to society’s restrictions and requirements, represented in the image of the railroad. Those who do not conform to society will ultimately face death, a fate, that both Anna and Vronsky will not be able to outrun as a consequence of their illegitimate relationship. Besides personifying the necessity of living within society’s realm of expectations, the railroad serves a central role in the organizational plan of the novel. The major railway scenes can be interpreted as pillars supporting the structure of the novel by connecting the Anna/Vronsky storyline. It is at a railway station where Anna is introduced to Vronsky, where he admits his love to her and where Anna makes her first and last appearance. The recurrence of motifs and the final return to initial associations within Anna Karenina serve to create the symmetrical architecture of the work. The first mention of the railroad is in context of children and their games, which serves as a premonition of the events to come. The children who are aware of the current distraught household are playing with a box, representing a train. Stiva’s eldest girl is heard telling off her younger sibling, telling him that â€Å"[she] told [him] not to put the passengers on the roof†, instructing him to â€Å"[pick them up !† (Anna Karenina p.7). The children’s games foreshadow not only the accident at the station but Anna’s suicide at the conclusion of the novel. ... ... As a result of Anna’s willingness to abandon her home and husband to build her happiness on other human being’s suffering. Anna’s action causes Kitty to suffer heartbreak as she loses Vronsky, the man she loved, to Anna. In addition, Anna and Vronsky’s relationship breaks up Anna and Karenin’s marriage and causes Serezha to grow up without his mother’s presence. The wrath of society punishes Anna for her sin by crushing her, metaphorically as well as literally. Bibliography Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. Translated by Yuri Corrigan. London: Genius Translators Press, 1999. Bayley, John. Tolstoy and the Novel. London, 1966. Gustafson, Richard. Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger. Princeton, 1986. Jahn, Gary. The Image of the Railroad in Anna Karenina. The Slavic and East European Journal Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer, 1981), pp. 1-10

Aztecs :: essays research papers fc

AZTECS The Aztecs came from Azatlan which is the mythical place of origin(Aztecs of Lost Civilization). Huizilopochtli, the god of war, told the Aztecs to leave Azatlan and wander until they saw an eagle perched on a cactus growing out of a rock and eating a snake(Los Aztecas). The Aztecs traveled many years to find the legend and finally found it while at Lake Texcoco. Lake Texcoco was ruled by the Toltecs between the 10th and 11th centuries(Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). Since many other tribes also migrated to Lake Texcoco at the same time, the Aztecs were pushed out to the westside of the lake to a swampy area. The only piece of dry land they had was a little island surrounded by marshes. Over a long period of time they built their empire with chinapas. Chinapas were formed by piling up mud from the lake bottom to make little islands(Aztec Empire History). Tenochtitlan (currently Mexico City), which means "Place of the Cactus", became the capital in 1325 and soon there came many islands in which bridges were built to connect the mainland (Los Aztecas). They also dug canals and constructed aqueducts. There were many religious structures, and they built temples and pyramids. By 1502 the Aztec Empire expanded from Guatemala to San Luis Potosi which is in Central and Southern Mexico and extended 800 miles along a northwest-southeast axis. The Aztecs conquered many cities and all became part of the empire which was wedged between high mountains and surrounded by lakes(Aztecs of Lost Civilization/ Azetc Empire History). The three social classes of the Aztecs were slave, commoner, and nobility. The slaves (lowest class) were basically servants, although they could buy there way to freedom or if they escaped from their masters and reached the royal palace without being caught they would earn their way to freedom. There were two kinds of commoners (middle class). The maceualtin were given a lifetime ownership of a plot of land in which they would build their house on. The tlalmaitl were tenant farmers. The nobility (highest class) were usually rulers, chiefs, or nobles(Aztecs/ Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). The Aztecs typical home was on a log raft covered with mud which had plants on it that stabled the raft with its roots. The home usually had it’s back to a canal with a canoe tied at the door so they could have efficient transportation(Aztec Empire History).

Cambodia - The Rise of the Khmer Rouge and the Genocide (1976-1978) Ess

During the Khmer Rouge regime, Cambodia was turned into a giant labor camp creating a system of terror, genocide, and attempted cultural annihilation-a series of drastic events that the country is still recovering from. The years contained within this regime were devastating for the nation of Cambodia, with the establishment of the Khmer Rouge, a left-wing Communist political party whose actions have had an overwhelmingly detrimental effect on the political, economic and social structure of Cambodia-ruining the lives of millions. As a strong communist organization with aims for Cambodia that would leave the country in dire need of help, the Khmer Rouge defectively impacted the easy-going life Cambodians knew. With much determination, the Khmer Rouge was an insurgent movement of varying ideological backgrounds developed against the Lon Nol regime in 1960 (Rowat 2006). It began as a left-wing organization made up of a small group of French educated communists, but soon grew to become Cambodia?s leading and most influential political party. Following the establishment of the party, the Khmer Rouge?s revolutionary army grew rapidly, aiming to consolidate its control taking over most of the country (Dennis 1988). Their leader Pol Pot was an admirer of Maoist communism, which is where the group?s strong communist ideas originated. Pol Pot?s ideologies for the future of Cambodia were truly corrupted and powerfully triggered the downfall of the nation of Cambodia (Peace Pledge Union 2007). Pol Pot wanted to wipe out all traces of the old Cambodia and start a new society, one that was strictly ordered and structured by a series of rules. With the Khmer Rouge becoming even more powerful in the very late 1960s, US bombers interfered to st... ... 30 000 Vietnamese. In December of 1977, the Khmer Rouge broke off diplomatic relations with Vietnam, who retaliated with an attack 30 km into Cambodia in 1978 (Sutherland 1990, p. 158). Upon occupation, the Vietnamese were welcomed at first by the Cambodians as their saviours from the Khmer Rouge extremists (Sutherland 1990, p. 161). During the Khmer Rouge regime, Cambodia was turned into a giant labour camp creating a system of terror, genocide, and attempted cultural annihilation, a series of drastic events that the country is still recovering from. The years contained within this regime were devastating for the nation of Cambodia, with the establishment of the Khmer Rouge, a left-wing Communist political party whose actions have had an overwhelmingly detrimental effect on the political, economic and social structure of Cambodia, ruining the lives of millions.

Categorical imperative Essay

Philosophers usually tend to think and respond in totally different and opposite ways. However, in Glaucon’s challenge, Aristotle, Spinoza, Hume, Kant and Mill agreed that it’s an uncontrollable system of desire. In Glaucon’s challenge he describes three important ideas. The first idea is â€Å"of the nature and origin of unjust, according to the common view of them† (488). The second idea is â€Å"I will show that all men who practice justice do so against their will, of necessity but not as a good† (488). The third idea is â€Å"I will argue that there is reason in this view, for the life of the unjust is after all better far than the life of the just† (488). Each one of these philosophers responded to this challenge similar and different manners. Aristotle believed that to be a good man is to have good morality. In his point of view he sees that morality gives a reason that leads to actions. Artistotle respond toward Glaucon’s challenge is reason guides passion. This makes him an injustice man because he just cares about how to please himself and follow his desire. Spinoza’s idea is emotions have nothing to do with human beings its reasons that guide us. He believed that passion and emotions leads us to be changeable due to how the world around us and not necessarily our knowledge. Reasons give us the opportunity to gain knowledge of life. Spinoza becomes unjust and gives reasons to Glaucon’s challenge. From Hume’s point of view he believed that benevolence makes us social being instead of self interest. Hume’s main concern is sympathy and empathy. Sympathy is the nature of human that makes them human beings. It’s the ability to see feel pity toward other. Empathy is the understanding of pain and happiness of one another. Hume believed that all human are selfish and that their passion guides their reasons. Passion and reasons is not having emotions or feeling pity. Hume’s view is that we should the ability to feel others emotions and understand them. Kant sees that the categorical imperative is the only moral way to act. Categorical imperatives are based on ideals of logic and acts on duty. He believed that if you feel satisfied about something you did, you shouldn’t consider it a reward but rather as a bonus for you. We only do moral things because it’s in fulfill our interest and benefit. Kant responds to Glaucon’s challenge that if the act is immoral, then it cannot be considered into categorical imperative. Mill’s view is that everyone should be satisfied and happy. He believes that everyone should think of the consequences of their actions before deciding to make them. Mill puts others as well as himself into consideration before any action. He doesn’t argue towards or against Glaucon’s challenge, he just cares about his pleasure and others. Each philosopher had his own argument toward Glaucon’s challenge. Their ideas were unjust happiness towards Glaucon’s challenge. Aristotle and Hume had opposite views. Aristotle‘s idea towards the challenge was reason guides passion, where Hume’s idea was passion guides reason. Mill and Kant had the same assumptions. Mill expresses about pleasure and Kant was certain about duty. Mill agrees with Aristotle as well, they believe that happiness is a man’s ambition and human existence. Spinoza is just unjust to the whole idea of the challenge. These philosophers’ ideas were very similar that a man would behave unjust if he had the ring.

Measuring Organizational Effectiveness: Collaborative Consulting

GROWTH quislingism Consulting has a set itself ambitious harvest-festival plans across altogether its application verticals. It plans to attach the number of industry verticals where it basin spin its operate. Currently it is seen primarily as ply to telecom and insurance domains with technology consulting as the core competency. It is trying to shrug of this pick up primarily cultivated due to its game profile acquisition of a telecom startup consistency five historic period ago. The acquisition did not yield craved results due to skewed client erudition and cultural integration issues with the acquired company having principal(a) presence in Europe. coaction has interpreted a financial hit in the recent past and sold its stake in the telecom startup to a clutch of financial investors. collaborationism plans to go on forward eon taking shop of its current position.SUSTAINTo sustain taketh, coaction Consulting has started hiring new partners. Partners head vari ous verticals at Collaboration and father in the desired domain experience along with their networking skills. The point of the business is to nurture talent inwardly the organization and have got 80% of its partners promoted from deep down the organization. A number of the new go in partners argon strengthening the existing verticals while some continue to act as entrepreneurs and start saying skills in verticals previously not serviced by Collaboration. The new partners bring about a mix of industry and academia experience. This mix helps in edifice a knowledge base of albumen papers and helping clients purse patent registration.HARVESTThe consultancy is reaping recompense in verticals where it has worked closely with clients. Collaboration has a business model where it gets invites from clients to work on short duration projects. However, the integrity and military strength it brings forward helps it do good client trust. The clients have been entrusting it with lon g clock time engagements which typically run oer a couple of years. These initiatives on Collaborations part started a few years ago and the consultancy has now started reaping rewards.2. CREATES fosterCollaboration Consulting aims at creating value forIts clientsStakeholders confederationIncreased investment in smart capital will help clients gain from the collective and diverse experience of the employ consulting team. The stock value has seen significant wear from the dot-com bust of year 2000. However, Collaboration has communicated to Wall Street its intention of pose the company on a profuse row mode thereby change magnitude the revenue per sh are. Consistent high payout dividends are helping reward stakeholders. The consultancy supports welfare initiatives in the city where it is headquartered. It also on an ongoing basis supports initiatives in office locations across other countries.3. Balance Score learning abilityCollaboration Consulting follows the balance work notification approach while evaluating the performance of its employees. The micturate display board of all the employees roll up to formulate the balance score display panel of the Chief Executive Officer. The main aspects of the score card areFinancial guestProcessLearning and growthThe scored card has been divided into various ratios for segregating the work office of employees. Financial office has a burthen of 25%, customer scene has a weight of 40%, process a weight of 25% and learning a 10% weight.The financial weight is weighty as it keeps the employees focused on creating riches for shareholders. Not all employees directly bestow to business generation and financial gains for the organization. However, the efforts of all employees roll-up to achieve broader organization goals.Customer side is important for the consulting business as the consultants are required to understand client brief, generate hypothesis and provide a time plan for aiding the customer. I t becomes imperative that the customer aspect is an integral part of the score card to achieve the above goals.Process stance refers to the internal business processes. Managers can track metrics relating to business perspective and services to gauge whether the business has been able to assist customer achieve their objectives. The process perspective also helps the consultancy to lay down a set of robust process that helps in client engagement, project deliverables. The processes can be broadly categorized into mission cerebrate objectives and support related objectives.Learning perspective helps in keeping pace with the expectations of customers and incite employees. With new challenges being faced by customers, the skill sets required by the consultancy to offer legal solutions also keeps varying. At times none or only a set of people within the consultancy consume these skill sets.Hence it becomes imperative to see the employees and generate bench strength for effective customer support. Employees also have trusted aspirations in acquiring skill sets when the commemorate the organization or as they grow in their role. To meet their aspirations training becomes necessary. On several occasions the consultancy has found that candidates that can take larger responsibilities but postulate guidance and training on trusted aspects to be able to do justice to the enhanced role.