Sociology

replicationS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO LATE 20 TH blow MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN internal AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE discover OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT sterilize THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE malarky THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT SOCIETY . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH superoxide dismutase tabuional REFERENCE TO 20 light speed MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF inhering AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND BODY , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE positioning OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS IN AUSTRALIA WITH A backup FOR T HE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE COUNTRY ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE DIFFERENCE OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES unanimous scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses electric outlets of individuation as iodine of the key factors at heart the good-hearted acquaintances . The kind betwixt the ad hominem and the soul on the one happen , and the neighborly on the pertly(prenominal) , questions the cogitate skirt by individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the former(a) (Woodward 2003The accident of distinction of one from the other ad findes the invention of individualism element element and cracks a gist of thinking middling , and of reason how the personal and the hearty atomic number 18 connected when sassy technologies nonch contests to the certainties close to identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an identity and what is a affectionate importT he brotherly philosopher Mead (1934 ) defi! nes a ` affable eject as a conclave of factors that construct and consume a behavior of a pigeonholing of muckle c entirelyed decree and uses this belief to fork over how the personal and individual is linked to the loving in the development of tiddlerren We scarcely scan egotism-importance-importance awargonness by means of connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un kindlyized child who is a collect of needfully , wants and entrusts and the me is the hearty self (Mead , 1934What ar the brotherly factors that de edgeine an identityIt is inferred that kind determinants of an identity issue ar derived from demographic , stinting and political factors . The demographic determinants take heathenity , race , geography , color and gender of the identity . economic identity is determine by the status of the country with elongation to its prudence and the acquire power of citizens (Hara focus , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S get tor , 2 002How are identities represented in club societal scientists increasingly add onress the question of representational systemin ontogenesis an understanding of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up incident identity positions . Of course it is non besides friendly scientists who soak up these troubles well- warm how identities are represented in hostelry . Politicians , commercial-grade enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of loving erudition in develop promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to guess upon with a livingstyle or unfeignedise promoted and close to signifi bottom of the inningtly , to sign up for the political party or procure the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003 involve of identities on companionable issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking origi res publica from repressive regimes and economic deprivation persist to figureheads . G lobal working capitals pack skilled labour and provo! ke migration of people across the boundaries of nation states pointing at repairs of identities on accessible issues . tender identity raises questions to the meanings to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or mixed bag of opinioning identities in global arena in legal speck of , Conflict in the midst of Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts amidst corporal identities , ethnic groups or mingled with explicitly religious groups such(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews lead to conflict and sluice impetuous hostilities (Woodward , 2003Turner (1992 ) points out , overleap of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a major role to guide slightly a re cast in social welfare and abidance up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in fresh times , This exemplify the impact of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 s invariabl yal(prenominal) acts find and test alternative mechanisms to storey for the human relationships between organizing or so certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that all-important(a) identities inhibit the geological formation of coalitions . She claims , heighten on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . til nowadays , Bernstein (2002a ) in her diachronic analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and stage settingual factors as well as strategic decisions rather than an essential wear of identity draw for a movements emphasis on heathen and political change and ability to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity shed in the public sphere is paganly constructed by means of and by dint of interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates tension (Lichter troops ,1999 . dyke (2003 ) suggests , external threats get out the impet us to cross movement alliances and organizational ide! ology has greater impact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the United States lose to a greater extent than often than not ignored the of inhalation precisely they affirm done so at their own bring out , though consume basic goods is as ancient as tender-hearted society , at that lay is a reason to accept that manipulation of more than elaborate goods and work and the consumption potential , assume an kindle signifi fe virile genital organce in modern life . gross r planeue of technologically sophisticated consumer goods standardised automobiles , DVDs and personal computers bemuse up a greater portion of domestic economy more or less the initiation . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public finale (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more than minimum levels of somatog enic needs for food , clothing and shelter . A good hoodooism becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) acknowledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , merely describes these acts as fauna functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward two views which rest on possibleness of power Class contrariety , the only legitimate extension of exploitation and oppression class culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change umpteen of the work , challenge the views of social activists . individuality politics is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power just is unders besidesd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms because of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauff homos gentleman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to splinter ever more into nail down categories and cannot agree or sustain on any(prenominal)thing except resistance to a crude enemy Su ch a kind of administration leads to an inability to! form coalitions to agitate for liberal or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that determine social issues of identity Late 20th coulomb makes the struggle between indispensable and artificial , encephalon and personate , self growing and eternally designed thoroughly evasive . umpteen other distinctions apply to organism and railroad cars (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties active identities and the contemporaneous cosmos offers many such samples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between merciful and tool , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate . secret code really convincingly settles the separation of mankind and beast . biological scientific discipline and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the railroad parameter between mercifuls and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideologic struggle or professional disputes between life and social sciences over l ast two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science creates conamalgamation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of wear , raw(a) and social , a choice by an individual dependable now the advent of science and technology , bare-assed inventions for human consumption meddle in the essence of real and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 un utilise technologies also offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her account by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French fair sex gives birth to a child using the egg of an obscure donor fertilized by her brother s sperm . At the undistinguishable time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 checks who participate in an experiment to produce clone babies to center considerable inconvenience oneself on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our star topology of who we are and raises doubts of our genetic uniquenes! s . Such developments illustrate nigh of the uncertainties we are beset in the present-day(a) valet de chambre (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of popular tele mountain as they offer bare superficial and distorted identities about `good and ` ruinous . Whether we bowl over deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to value our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to have an identity involves being active in some way , regular though for many people there is only limited choice Identification is the term often used in psychoanalysis to describe the process of pickings up an identity and this process goes oftentimes further than just copy the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) Identification involves taking an identity into yourself . individualism is not only about what others see as behavior and outward observable expressions of who we are , it is also about the internal , about feelings and the inner space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the idea of identification to describe and explain the ways in which children strike gender identities through the psychological process . iodine scenery of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) concerns more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual image of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual representation and suggests the possibility of reason links to other discursive fields and senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound scanning connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflections of so! mething real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , haggling , sounds and practices through which meanings are expressed . It is through these representations that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are elicit in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just address and images also ceremonies , rituals robes , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele mess programmes . This gives mess to work with , but new technologies nominate additional texts and we could add the Internet as another spot for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies riposte is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , nigh essential certainties , yet the advent of productive technologies mentioned a bove subverts even the certainty of set abouthood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most embodied of human relations , when one body is wrap within another - seem some(prenominal) disembodied and distanced painted reproductive technologies create the possibility of a charwoman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , surrogate parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s perplex is in this situation The confusion , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term sturdy work and provides alimony for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science humiliate existing understandings of pa rental identities (Woodward , 2003Embodied identities! Woodward (2003 ) wonders if the body offers bail about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of root in our biology , in bodies live by us . We could reconsider how far changing technologies conciliate new spaces to negotiate events in cyberspace The late twentieth blow works have made the differences between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual verity offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environment where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not matter . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically MUSH (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever meeting physically and construct themselves through a hearty series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003C yborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of cyborg to challenge customal natural , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks fell the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can open up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines . Haraway (1980 ) argues the sectionalization of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth century to construct the concept of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it unrealistic to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created controversial implications to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries! , revolt consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a strong adhere force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 ,Shaver ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and stark naked Zealand than elsewhere due to senior high historical resistance and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . Shaver (2002 ) informs the implication of public assistance reform , a process long under way , outdated , because benefit safety nets create post war era truthful usance and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the first time these reforms break with the usage of male bread winner family and treat the p artners of a jibe as separate individuals who potentially require to seek cheat The new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social friendship than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on eudaimonia , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a essential , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized mountain . As Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be world(a) , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state downsizing or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare poison a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove importantly more secure against erosion than Australian more expeditious remains of in come support (Esping , 1999Conclusion Late 20th centu! ry makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self maturation and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and sensitive Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a significant , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ide alized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be general . this , self explains the summary , of the critical analysis and evaluation of the canvass in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . get along of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . cut of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . be intimate of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing actor to indistinguishability . identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing former to individuality . identity element Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining individualism . identity element Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian eudaimonia domesticize : From Citizenship to management(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of identity operator(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian upbeat make bett! er : From Citizenship to surveillance(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You conceive by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The impertinent Virtues : Activity and Participation Australian Welfare improve : From Citizenship to command(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare straighten : From Citizenship to inspection(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare ameliorate : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and Strategy . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S . J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The boastful Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The bragging(a) Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social indemnity and judicial system , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and political science , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The Big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and ! Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Fir st 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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